Low back pain risk factors in a large rural Australian Aboriginal community. An opportunity for managing co-morbidities?

Dein Vindigni; Bruce F Walker; Jennifer R Jamison; Cliff Da Costa; Lynne Parkinson; Steve Blunden

doi:10.1186/1746-1340-13-21

Chiropractic & Manual Therapies

Table 1 Individual modifiable risk factors associated with low back pain

From: Low back pain risk factors in a large rural Australian Aboriginal community. An opportunity for managing co-morbidities?

	Factors strongly associated with LBP (OR > 1.2-)	Factors moderately associated with LBP (OR ≥ 1–1.2-)
Lack of fitness/Physical inactivity	Balague, 1999 [44]* Feuerstein, 1999[45] ****
Smoking	Balague, 1999[44] * Feldmann, 1999[47] * Levangie, 1999[48] * Power, 2001[49] **	Leboeuf-Yde, 1995[46] *
Obesity	Koda, 1991[50] ** Alcouffe, 1999[51] Walker, 1999[52] Fransen, 2002[53] ** Webb, 2003[55] **	Leboeuf-Yde, 1999[46] * Balague, 1999[44] * Levangie, 1999[48] ** Lecerf, 2003[54] Mirtz, 2005[56]
Psychosocial stress	Balague, 1995[57] * Hagg, 1997[58] Josephson, 1998[60] Adams, 1999[61] * Krause, 1998[62] * Feuerstein, 1999[45] Bildt, 2000[63] * Thorbjornsson, 2000[64] * Vingard, 2000[65] Yip, 2001[66] Power, 2001[67] Harkness, 2003[68] * Van den Heuvel, 2004[69] *	Balague, 1999[44] * Hoogendorm, 2000[59] ***
Physical trauma	Harkness, 2003[68] *** Balague, 1999[44] *
	Factors strongly associated with LBP (OR > 1.2-)	Factors moderately associated with LBP (OR > 1–1.2-)
Awkward posture (at work)	Koda, 1991[50] ** Alcouffe, 1999[51] Jin, 2000[53]	Picavet, 2000[70] ***
Frequent bending and twisting	Alcouffe, 1999[51] ** Hoogendoorm, 2000[59] * Vingard, 2000[65] ** Jin, 2000[71] Van den Heuvel, 2004[69] ***	Picavet, 2000[70] ***
Heavy lifting, repetitive lifting	Suadicani, 1994[72] ** Marras, 1995[73] Magnusson, 1996[74] Sturmer, 1997[75] Krause, 1998[62] * Josephson, 1998[60] ** Alcouffe, 1999[51] Thorbjornsson, 2000[64] * Vingard, 2000[65] ** Hartvigsen, 2001[76] * Nahit, 2001[77] ** Fransen, 2002[53] Harkness, 2003[68] *
Jarring, Gripping, vibration, repetitive actions	Bongers, 1993[78] * Magnusson, 1996[74] ** Levangie, 1999[48] * Pope, 1999[79] *** Jin, 2000[71] *
Prolonged sitting & prolonged standing	Burdorf, 1994[80] ** Bongers, 1993[78] Thorbjornsson, 2000[64] ***	Hartvigsen, 2000[81] ***

NB: Only first authors included.
Legend: + OR: Odds ratio
Level I evidence *, Level II evidence **, Level III evidence ***, Level IV evidence****
• Level I – based on studies such as meta-analyses or systematic reviews of all relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs);
• Level II – based on well-designed RCTs;
• Level III – based on well-designed prospective or case-control analytical studies; and
• Level IV – based on opinions of respected authorities, clinical experience, descriptive studies and case reports or reports of expert committees.

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