| Factors strongly associated with LBP (OR > 1.2-) | Factors moderately associated with LBP (OR ≥ 1–1.2-) |
---|---|---|
Lack of fitness/Physical inactivity | Balague, 1999 [44]* Feuerstein, 1999[45] **** | Â |
Smoking | Balague, 1999[44] * Feldmann, 1999[47] *** Levangie, 1999[48] *** Power, 2001[49] ** | Leboeuf-Yde, 1995[46] * |
Obesity | Koda, 1991[50] **** Alcouffe, 1999[51] **** Walker, 1999[52] ** Fransen, 2002[53] **** Webb, 2003[55] **** | Leboeuf-Yde, 1999[46] * Balague, 1999[44] * Levangie, 1999[48] **** Lecerf, 2003[54] **** Mirtz, 2005[56] ** |
Psychosocial stress | Balague, 1995[57] *** Hagg, 1997[58] **** Josephson, 1998[60] **** Adams, 1999[61] *** Krause, 1998[62] *** Feuerstein, 1999[45] **** Bildt, 2000[63] *** Thorbjornsson, 2000[64] *** Vingard, 2000[65] **** Yip, 2001[66] **** Power, 2001[67] ** Harkness, 2003[68] *** Van den Heuvel, 2004[69] *** | Balague, 1999[44] * Hoogendorm, 2000[59] *** |
Physical trauma | Harkness, 2003[68] *** Balague, 1999[44] * | Â |
 | Factors strongly associated with LBP (OR > 1.2-) | Factors moderately associated with LBP (OR > 1–1.2-) |
Awkward posture (at work) | Koda, 1991[50] **** Alcouffe, 1999[51] **** Jin, 2000[53] ** | Picavet, 2000[70] *** |
Frequent bending and twisting | Alcouffe, 1999[51] **** Hoogendoorm, 2000[59] *** Vingard, 2000[65] **** Jin, 2000[71] ** Van den Heuvel, 2004[69] *** | Picavet, 2000[70] *** |
Heavy lifting, repetitive lifting | Suadicani, 1994[72] **** Marras, 1995[73] **** Magnusson, 1996[74] **** Sturmer, 1997[75] **** Krause, 1998[62] *** Josephson, 1998[60] **** Alcouffe, 1999[51] **** Thorbjornsson, 2000[64] *** Vingard, 2000[65] **** Hartvigsen, 2001[76] *** Nahit, 2001[77] **** Fransen, 2002[53] **** Harkness, 2003[68] *** | Â |
Jarring, Gripping, vibration, repetitive actions | Bongers, 1993[78] * Magnusson, 1996[74] **** Levangie, 1999[48] *** Pope, 1999[79] *** Jin, 2000[71] * | Â |
Prolonged sitting & prolonged standing | Burdorf, 1994[80] **** Bongers, 1993[78] ** Thorbjornsson, 2000[64] *** | Hartvigsen, 2000[81] *** |