Table 3 Study characteristics and selected COP parameters measured in people with WAD
Study | Condition | Duration (sec) | Number of trials | Parameter | WAD Result (SD) | Healthy controls Result (SD) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Michaelson et al. [21] | narrow stance, EO/EC/F | 20 | 1 | sway area (mm2) | EO: 96 (57) | EO: 66 (47) | ns |
EC: 269 (147) | EC: 109 (65) | p < 0.01 | |||||
Madeleine et al. [23] | narrow stance, EO/EC/F | 45 | 1 | displacement ampl. AP (mm) | EO: ~4.6 | EO: ~2.1 | - |
EC: ~6.0 | EC: ~2.5 | - | |||||
displacement ampl. ML (mm) | EO: ~2.2 | EO: ~1.0 | - | ||||
EC: ~3.2 | EC: ~1.2 | - | |||||
Treleaven et al. [19] ∞ | normal stance, EO/EC/F/C | 30 | 1 | total energy | EO/F: ~0.80 | EO/F: ~0.66 | ns |
EC/F: ~0.93 | EC/F: ~0.70 | p < 0.05 | |||||
EO/C: ~1.30 | EO/C: ~1.15 | ns | |||||
EC/C: ~1.52 | EC/C: ~1.38 | ns | |||||
Storaci et al. [26] | unclear stance, EO/EC/F | - | 2 | sway area (mm2) | EO: 136.6 (76.3) | EO: 84.1 (44.8) | - |
EC: 246.3 (127) | EC: 180.1 (102) | - | |||||
path length (mm) | EO: 407.5 (103) | EO: 338 (85.6) | - | ||||
EC: 565.8 (151) | EC: 494.5 (145) | - | |||||
Endo et al. [25] | unclear stance, EO/EC/F | 60 | 1 | sway area (mm2) | EO: 102.8 (109) | EO: 35.0 (14.7) | p < 0.01 |
EC: 218.6 (207) | EC: 41.9 (25.2) | p < 0.05 | |||||
mVel (mm/s) | EO: 18.6 (12.5) | EO: 13.8 (4.3) | p < 0.001 | ||||
EC: 32.8 (22.2) | EC: 17.9 (6.0) | p < 0.001 | |||||
Treleaven et al. [27] ∞ | Normal stance, EO/EC/F/C | - | 1 | total energy AP | EO/F: ~ 1.2 | EO/F: ~0.7 | p < 0.01 |
EO/C: ~1.6 | EO/C: ~1.2 | p < 0.01 | |||||
EC/F: ~1.4 | EC/F: ~0.9 | p < 0.01 | |||||
EC/C: ~1.9 | EC/C: ~1.6 | p < 0.01 | |||||
- | 1 | total energy ML | EO/F: ~0.6 | EO/F: ~0.2 | p < 0.01 | ||
EO/C: ~1.3 | EO/C: ~0.7 | p < 0.01 | |||||
EC/F: ~0.7 | EC/F: ~0.2 | p < 0.01 | |||||
EC/C: ~1.5 | EC/C: ~0.9 | p < 0.01 | |||||
narrow stance, EO/EC/F/C | - | 1 | total energy AP | EO/F: ~1.2 | EO/F: ~1.1 | ns | |
EO/C: ~1.6 | EO/C: ~1.3 | p < 0.03 | |||||
EC/F: ~1.6 | EC/F: ~1.3 | p < 0.02 | |||||
EC/C: ~1.9 | EC/C: ~1.6 | p < 0.03 | |||||
- | 1 | total energy ML | EO/F: ~1.5 | EO/F: ~1.3 | ns | ||
EO/C:~1.7 | EO/C: ~1.6 | ns | |||||
EC/F: ~1.7 | EC/F: ~1.5 | p < 0.02 | |||||
EC/C: ~1.9 | EC/C: ~1.9 | ns | |||||
Field et al. [22] ∞ | normal stance EO/EC/F/C | 30 | 1 | AP RMS amplitude (mm) | EO/F: ~1.4 | EO/F: ~1.2 | p < 0.05 |
EC/F: ~1.5 | EC/F: ~1.1 | p < 0.05 | |||||
EO/C: ~3.1 | EO/C: ~2.3 | ns | |||||
EC/C: ~3.9 | EC/C: ~2.4 | p < 0.05 | |||||
ML RMS amplitude (mm) | EO/F: ~2.9 | EO/F: ~2.4 | ns | ||||
EC/F: ~3.5 | EC/F: ~2.8 | ns | |||||
EO/C: ~5.0 | EO/C: ~4.1 | p < 0.05 | |||||
EC/C: ~7.0 | EC/C: ~5.6 | p < 0.05 | |||||
narrow stance, EO/EC/F/C | 30 | 1 | AP RMS amplitude (mm) | EO/F: ~4.2 | EO/F: ~3.1 | p < 0.05 | |
EC/F: ~4.8 | EC/F: ~4.0 | p < 0.05 | |||||
EO/C: ~5.3 | EO/C: ~4.4 | p < 0.05 | |||||
EC/C: ~7.9 | EC/C: ~6.9 | ns | |||||
ML RMS amplitude (mm) | EO/F: ~5.5 | EO/F: ~5.1 | ns | ||||
EC/F: ~6.3 | EC/F: ~5.6 | ns | |||||
EO/C: ~6.3 | EO/C: ~6.0 | ns | |||||
EC/C: ~9.2 | EC/C: ~8.2 | ns |