From: Diagnostic imaging for spinal disorders in the elderly: a narrative review
Major risk factors | Minor risk factors |
---|---|
Vertebral compression fracture | Rheumatoid arthritis |
Fragility fracture after age 40 | Past history of hyperthyroidism |
Family history of osteoporotic fracture | Chronic anticonvulsant therapy |
Systemic glucocorticoids >3 months | Low dietary calcium intake |
Malabsorption syndrome | Smoking |
Primary hyperparathyroidism | Excessive alcohol intake |
Propensity to fall | Excessive caffeine intake |
Osteopenia apparent on x-ray film | Weight <57 kg |
Hypogonadism | Weight loss >10 % of weight at age 25 |
Early menopause (before age 45) | Long term heparin therapy |