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Table 3 Important Osteoporosis Risk Factors [104, 105]

From: Diagnostic imaging for spinal disorders in the elderly: a narrative review

Major risk factors

Minor risk factors

Vertebral compression fracture

Rheumatoid arthritis

Fragility fracture after age 40

Past history of hyperthyroidism

Family history of osteoporotic fracture

Chronic anticonvulsant therapy

Systemic glucocorticoids >3 months

Low dietary calcium intake

Malabsorption syndrome

Smoking

Primary hyperparathyroidism

Excessive alcohol intake

Propensity to fall

Excessive caffeine intake

Osteopenia apparent on x-ray film

Weight <57 kg

Hypogonadism

Weight loss >10 % of weight at age 25

Early menopause (before age 45)

Long term heparin therapy