First author Publ. year Country | Study design / Population /Method of collection | Sample size | Crude response rate (%) | Outcome definition | Outcome assessment method | Prevalence period | Age | Prevalence* (95% CI) | Risk of bias | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | M | F | M | F | Total | |||||||||
Lumbar spine or hip | Andrianakos [41] 2006 Greece | 1966-99, (19+ yo), the total population in 7 mixed communities + random sample in another 2 mixed communities. Examination (rheumatological centers) | 8740 | 4269 | 4471 | 82 | WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD or less | DXA | Point | 59-64 | 7 | L | ||
69+ | 10 | |||||||||||||
Lumbar spine or hip | Bleicher [43] 2010 Australia | 2005-07, (70+ yo), community-dwelling in three local government areas around Sydney (CHAMP). Questionnaire + Examination | 1626 | 1626 | 0 | 45 | Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme criteria for OP: BMD T-score −3 SD or less | Hologic DXA | Point | 70-74 | 5.0 | U | ||
75-79 | 4.0 | |||||||||||||
80-84 | 5.0 | |||||||||||||
85-89 | 5.0 | |||||||||||||
90+ | 14.0 | |||||||||||||
Lumbar spine or hip | Naves [48] 2005 Spain | (50+ yo), randomly selected from the Oviedo municipal register. Postal questionnaire + examination | 229 | 229 | 0 | 74 | The Int. Society of Clinical Densitometry: BMD with a T-score −2.5 SD or less | Hologic DXA, QDR 1000 densitometer | Point | 80+ | 12.5 | U | ||
Lumbar spine or hip | Sanfélix-Genovés [49] 2010 Spain | 2006-7, (50+ yo), stratified random sample of women included in the Population Information System of the Valencia Healthcare Agency, Valencia (the FRAVO Study). Interview, questionnaire + examination | 824 | 0 | 824 | 47 | WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD or less | Norland & Hologic densitometer | Point | 60-64 | 22.5 (16.3-28.8) | U | ||
65-69 | 32.4 (25.2-39.4) | |||||||||||||
70-74 | 39.9 (31.8-47.9) | |||||||||||||
75+ | 49.3 (37.4-61.2) | |||||||||||||
Lumbar spine or hip | Vestergaard [52] 2005 Denmark | 1995-9, all in- and outpatients recorded in The National Hospital Discharge Register (=100%) based on all ICD-10 codes on OP. National register | 11359 | 1426 | 9933 | N/A | WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD or less | The National Hospital Discharge Register | Point | 60-64 | 14.7 | 29.6 | L | |
65-69 | 19.9 | 44.0 | ||||||||||||
70-74 | 26.1 | 59.1 | ||||||||||||
75-79 | 33.1 | 72.2 | ||||||||||||
80-84 | 40.4 | 81.3 | ||||||||||||
85-89 | 47.8 | 85.8 | ||||||||||||
90-94 | 55.3 | 88.6 | ||||||||||||
95+ | 64.3 | 92.3 | ||||||||||||
Lumbar spine | Cui [44] 2008 South Korea | 2004-5, (20–79 yo), from the Namwon study and the Thyroid Disease Prevalence study and from two provinces. Interview + questionnaire + clinical examination | 4148 | 1810 | 2338 | 39 | WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD or less | Lunar DXA | Point | 60-69 | 8.7 | 51.3 | U | |
70-79 | 12.8 | 60.2 | ||||||||||||
Lumbar spine | Henry [45] 2000 Australia | 1997, (20–94 yo), age-stratified, random, population-based sample of women registered (compulsory) in the Commonwealth of Australia Electoral Rolls, Geelong. Questionnaire + examination. | 1494 | 0 | 1494 | 63 | WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD or less | Lunar DXA, DPX-L densitometer | Point | 60-64 | 10.5 | U | ||
65-69 | 15.2 | |||||||||||||
70-79 | 28.8 | |||||||||||||
80+ | ||||||||||||||
Lumbar spine | Sanfélix-Genovés [49] 2010 Spain | 2006-7, (50+ yo), stratified random sample of women included in the Population Information System of the Valencia Healthcare Agency, Valencia (the FRAVO Study). Interview, questionnaire + examination | 824 | 0 | 824 | 47 | WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD or less | Norland & Hologic densitometer | Point | 60-64 | 18.5 (12.7-24.3) | U | ||
65-69 | 28.2 (21.4-35.0) | |||||||||||||
70-74 | 37.8 (28.8-45.7) | |||||||||||||
75+ | 39.1 (27.5-50.7) | |||||||||||||
Lumbar spine | Shin [50] 2010 South Korea | 2006-7, (40+ yo), selected group from the 2001 cohort of residents in the farming community of Ansung through mailing, door-to-door and telehpone solicitations (the Korean Health and Genome Study, KHGS). Examination | 3538 | 1547 | 1991 | 71 | WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD or less | Lunar Prodigy DXA | Point | 60-69 | 13.7 | 28.5 | U | |
70-79 | 22.4 | 47.5 | ||||||||||||
Lumbar spine | Vestergaard [52] 2005 Denmark | 1995-9, all in- and outpatients recorded in The National Hospital Discharge Register (=100%) based on all ICD-10 codes on OP. Register (National) | 11359 | 1426 | 9933 | N/A | WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD or less | The National Hospital Discharge Register | Point | 60-64 | 3.4 | 17.3 | L | |
65-69 | 4.6 | 27.7 | ||||||||||||
70-74 | 6.0 | 39.6 | ||||||||||||
75-79 | 7.9 | 51.1 | ||||||||||||
80-84 | 10.1 | 60.2 | ||||||||||||
85-89 | 12.7 | 66.0 | ||||||||||||
90-94 | 15.8 | 68.2 | ||||||||||||
95+ | 19.8 | 65.6 | ||||||||||||
Lumbar spine | Yang [51] 2004 Taiwan | 1994-8, female patients entering a hospital for a DXA scan. Examination (hospital) | 4689 | 0 | 4689 | ? | Threshold level, lumbar spine < 0.827 g/cm2 | Lunar DXA | Point | 60-69 | 14.1 | H | ||
70-79 | 14.3 | |||||||||||||
80+ | 16.1 | |||||||||||||
Lumbar spine | Yoshimura [35] 2009 Japan | 1990, (40–79 yo), all inhabitants from the register of residents in Miyama village (the Miyama Study). Examination | 400 | 200 | 200 | 100 | WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD or less | Lunar DXA | Point | 60-69 | 12.0 | 38.0 | U | |
70-79 | 14.0 | 60.0 | ||||||||||||
Lumbar spine | Yoshimura [33] 2009 Japan | 2005-7, (40+ yo), recruited from the resident-registration lists of the Hidakagawa & Taiji regions or from a randomly selected cohort study from the Itabashi (Tokyo) Ward resident registration database (the ROAD study). Examination | 3040 | 1061 | 1979 | 76 | Criteria of the Japanese Society of Bone and Mineral Research (BMD <70% of PBM: lumbar spine BMD < 0.708 g/cm2) | Hologic DXA | Point | 60-69 | 2.6 | 13.5 | U | |
70-79 | 3.6 | 29.8 | ||||||||||||
80+ | 7.4 | 43.8 | ||||||||||||
Hip | Vestergaard [52] 2005 Denmark | 1995-9, all in- and outpatients recorded in The National Hospital Discharge Register (=100%) based on all ICD-10 codes on OP. National register | 11359 | 1426 | 9933 | N/A | WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD or less | The National Hospital Discharge Register | Point | 60-64 | 12.7 | 20.0 | L | |
65-69 | 17.7 | 30.4 | ||||||||||||
70-74 | 23.7 | 42.5 | ||||||||||||
75-79 | 30.8 | 54.6 | ||||||||||||
80-84 | 38.6 | 65.4 | ||||||||||||
85-89 | 46.9 | 73.9 | ||||||||||||
90-94 | 55.3 | 79.9 | ||||||||||||
95+ | 64.3 | 83.9 | ||||||||||||
Femoral neck | Cui [44] 2008 South Korea | 2004-5, (20–79 yo), from the Namwon study and the Thyroid Disease Prevalence study invited to clinical examination and interview, from two provinces. Interview, questionnaire + examination | 4148 | 1810 | 2338 | 39 | WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD or less | Lunar DXA | Point | 60-69 | 7.3 | 11.4 | U | |
70-79 | 15.2 | 36.7 | ||||||||||||
Femoral neck | Henry [45] 2000 Australia | 1997, (20–94 yo), age-stratified, random, population-based sample of women registered (compulsory) in the Commonwealth of Australia Electoral Rolls, Geelong. Questionnaire + examination | 1494 | 0 | 1494 | 63 | WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD (NB. Hip: femoral neck used in this review) | Lunar DXA, DPX-L densitometer | Point | 60-64 | 15.2 | U | ||
65-69 | 20.8 | |||||||||||||
70-79 | 31.6 | |||||||||||||
80+ | 36.5 | |||||||||||||
Femoral neck | Holt [46] 2002 UK | (50+ yo), random sample from seven health centres (Aberdeen, Bath, rural Cambridgeshire, Harrow, Truro, Norfolk, and Cambridge City). Questionnaire + examination | 7426 | 2253 | 5173 | 48 | WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD (NB. Hip: femoral neck used in this review) | Hologic DXA, QDR 1000 densitometer | Point | 65+ | 2.7 | 8.1 | U | |
Femoral neck | Sanfélix-Genovés [49] 2010 Spain | 2006-7, (50+ yo), stratified random sample of women included in the Population Information System of the Valencia Healthcare Agency, Valencia (the FRAVO Study). Interview, questionnaire + examination | 824 | 0 | 824 | 47 | WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD or less | Norland & Hologic Densitometer. | Point | 60-64 | 6.9 (3.1-10.7) | U | ||
65-69 | 10.1 (9.4-21.3) | |||||||||||||
70-74 | 15.4 (9.4-21.3) | |||||||||||||
75+ | 34.8 (23.4-46.1) | |||||||||||||
Femoral neck | Yang [51] 2004 Taiwan | 1994-8, female patients entering a hospital for a DXA scan. Examination (hospital) | 4689 | 0 | 4689 | ? | Threshold level, femoral neck < 0.605 g/cm2. | Lunar DXA | Point | 60-69 | 11.2 | H | ||
70-79 | 17.3 | |||||||||||||
80+ | 24.0 | |||||||||||||
Femoral neck | Yoshimura [33] 2009 Japan | 2005-7, (40+ yo), recruited from the resident-registration lists of the Hidakagawa & Taiji regions or from a randomly selected cohort study from the Itabashi (Tokyo) Ward resident registration database (the ROAD study). Examination | 3040 | 1061 | 1979 | 76 | Criteria of the Japanese Society of Bone and Mineral Research (BMD <70% of PBM): femoral neck < 0604 g/cm2 (men) & < 0.55 g/cm2 (women) | Hologic DXA | Point | 60-69 | 7.0 | 22.2 | U | |
70-79 | 22.3 | 42.9 | ||||||||||||
80+ | 13.0 | 65.1 | ||||||||||||
Phalanges | Biino [42] 2011 Italy | 2003-2008, (30–103 yo), all residents from 10 villages of the Ogliastra region, Sardinia. Interview + examination | 6326 | 2024 | 4302 | 51 | AD-SoS T-score −3.2 SD or less | Quantitative II-V phalanges ultrasound | Point | 60-69 | 9.6 | 24.2 | U | |
70-79 | 13.6 | 42.7 | ||||||||||||
80+ | 25.8 | 62.1 | ||||||||||||
Heel | Kenny [47] 2009 USA | Community-dwelling and assisted living adults recruited through community talks. Questionnaire + examination | 114 | 81 | 33 | ? | BMD T-score level not stated | Lunar QUS, Quantitative heel Ultrasound | Point | 82.4 ± 4.6 | 31.6 | H | ||
Other | Cheng [53] 2009 USA | 1999-2005, (65+ yo), a 5% national sample from beneficiaries fee-for service Medicare parts A and B coverage, not enrolled in a health maintenance organisation. Register (Medicare) | 911327 | 359733 | 551594 | N/A | Beneficiaries with at least one claim for certain OP related services and with ICD code for OP or fractures associated with OP | ICD-9 code for OP | Point | 65-69 | 2.0 | U | ||
70-74 | 17.2 | |||||||||||||
75-79 | 25.5 | |||||||||||||
80+ | 55.4 | |||||||||||||
Other | Collerton [12] 2009 UK | 2006-7, (85+ yo), all people born in 1921, permanently registered with a participating GP in Newcastle upon Tyne or North Tyneside primary care trusts (the Newcastle 85+ Study). Register (GP) | 853 | 323 | 530 | 59 | Not stated | Medical record | Point | 85 | 3.8 | 20.0 | 14.2 | U |
Other | Kotz [54] 2004 USA | 1994 + 1995, (16–94 yo at baseline in 1965), responders who have survived until at least 1994, from the random representative sample of women from the Alameda County Study, California. Postal questionnaire | 1171 | 0 | 1171 | 97 | Ever had osteoporosis? | Self report | Life time | 66-75 | 11.5 | H | ||
76-94 | 18.7 | |||||||||||||
Other | Lespessailles [55] 2009 France | 2006, (45+ yo), stratified random sample of women from the national population data (INSEE) (the INSTANT study). Interview + questionnaire (door to door) | 2613 | 0 | 2613 | N/A | Whether they had osteoporosis + whether this had been diagnosed by bone densitometry | Self report | Life time | 60-64 | 10 | U | ||
65-69 | 14 | |||||||||||||
70-74 | 17 | |||||||||||||
75-79 | 16 | |||||||||||||
80-84 | 15 | |||||||||||||
85+ | 10 | |||||||||||||
Other. | Picavet [18] 2003 The Netherlands | 1998, (25+ yo), a 6 months follow-up on a baseline stratified random sample taken from the population register (the DMC3-study). Postal questionnaire | 2338 | ? | ? | 85 | "Please indicate whether a physician or medical specialist has ever told you that you have one or more of the following diseases [OP]” | Self report | Life time | 65-74 | 13 | H | ||
75+ | 15 | |||||||||||||
Other. | Saks [56] 2001 Estonia | 2000, (65+ yo), a stratified random sample of patients from 200 random GPs in 16 Estonian regions. Register (GP). | 811 | 391 | 420 | 81 | GP diagnosis without any further description or validation | Medical record | Point | 65-84 | 15.2 | U | ||
85+ | 19.5 | |||||||||||||
Other | Werner [57] 2003 Israel | 1997-8, (60+ yo), a stratified random sample of Jewish and Arab community-dwelling persons from the Central Bureau of Statistics (the Israeli Survey of Elderly Persons Aged 60 and Over Study). Interview + questionnaire (home visit) | 3022 | 1688 | 1334 | 60 | Whether a physician had ever diagnosed them as having osteoporosis | Self report | Life time | 60-69 | 5.0 | 20.5 | U | |
70-79 | 8.0 | 26.3 | ||||||||||||
80+ | 7.9 | 28.3 |