|
Lumbar spine or hip
|
Andrianakos [41] 2006 Greece
|
1966-99, (19+ yo), the total population in 7 mixed communities + random sample in another 2 mixed communities. Examination (rheumatological centers)
|
8740
|
4269
|
4471
|
82
|
WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD or less
|
DXA
|
Point
|
59-64
| | |
7
|
L
|
|
69+
|
10
|
|
Lumbar spine or hip
|
Bleicher [43] 2010 Australia
|
2005-07, (70+ yo), community-dwelling in three local government areas around Sydney (CHAMP). Questionnaire + Examination
|
1626
|
1626
|
0
|
45
|
Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme criteria for OP: BMD T-score −3 SD or less
|
Hologic DXA
|
Point
|
70-74
| | |
5.0
|
U
|
|
75-79
|
4.0
|
|
80-84
|
5.0
|
|
85-89
|
5.0
|
|
90+
|
14.0
|
|
Lumbar spine or hip
|
Naves [48] 2005 Spain
|
(50+ yo), randomly selected from the Oviedo municipal register. Postal questionnaire + examination
|
229
|
229
|
0
|
74
|
The Int. Society of Clinical Densitometry: BMD with a T-score −2.5 SD or less
|
Hologic DXA, QDR 1000 densitometer
|
Point
|
80+
|
12.5
| | |
U
|
|
Lumbar spine or hip
|
Sanfélix-Genovés [49] 2010 Spain
|
2006-7, (50+ yo), stratified random sample of women included in the Population Information System of the Valencia Healthcare Agency, Valencia (the FRAVO Study). Interview, questionnaire + examination
|
824
|
0
|
824
|
47
|
WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD or less
|
Norland & Hologic densitometer
|
Point
|
60-64
| |
22.5 (16.3-28.8)
| |
U
|
|
65-69
|
32.4 (25.2-39.4)
|
|
70-74
|
39.9 (31.8-47.9)
|
|
75+
|
49.3 (37.4-61.2)
|
|
Lumbar spine or hip
|
Vestergaard [52] 2005 Denmark
|
1995-9, all in- and outpatients recorded in The National Hospital Discharge Register (=100%) based on all ICD-10 codes on OP. National register
|
11359
|
1426
|
9933
|
N/A
|
WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD or less
|
The National Hospital Discharge Register
|
Point
|
60-64
|
14.7
| |
29.6
|
L
|
|
65-69
|
19.9
|
44.0
|
|
70-74
|
26.1
|
59.1
|
|
75-79
|
33.1
|
72.2
|
|
80-84
|
40.4
|
81.3
|
|
85-89
|
47.8
|
85.8
|
|
90-94
|
55.3
|
88.6
|
|
95+
|
64.3
|
92.3
|
|
Lumbar spine
|
Cui [44] 2008 South Korea
|
2004-5, (20–79 yo), from the Namwon study and the Thyroid Disease Prevalence study and from two provinces. Interview + questionnaire + clinical examination
|
4148
|
1810
|
2338
|
39
|
WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD or less
|
Lunar DXA
|
Point
|
60-69
|
8.7
|
51.3
| |
U
|
|
70-79
|
12.8
|
60.2
|
|
Lumbar spine
|
Henry [45] 2000 Australia
|
1997, (20–94 yo), age-stratified, random, population-based sample of women registered (compulsory) in the Commonwealth of Australia Electoral Rolls, Geelong. Questionnaire + examination.
|
1494
|
0
|
1494
|
63
|
WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD or less
|
Lunar DXA, DPX-L densitometer
|
Point
|
60-64
| |
10.5
| |
U
|
|
65-69
|
15.2
|
|
70-79
|
28.8
|
|
80+
| |
|
Lumbar spine
|
Sanfélix-Genovés [49] 2010 Spain
|
2006-7, (50+ yo), stratified random sample of women included in the Population Information System of the Valencia Healthcare Agency, Valencia (the FRAVO Study). Interview, questionnaire + examination
|
824
|
0
|
824
|
47
|
WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD or less
|
Norland & Hologic densitometer
|
Point
|
60-64
| |
18.5 (12.7-24.3)
| |
U
|
|
65-69
| |
28.2 (21.4-35.0)
| |
|
70-74
| |
37.8 (28.8-45.7)
| |
|
75+
| |
39.1 (27.5-50.7)
| |
|
Lumbar spine
|
Shin [50] 2010 South Korea
|
2006-7, (40+ yo), selected group from the 2001 cohort of residents in the farming community of Ansung through mailing, door-to-door and telehpone solicitations (the Korean Health and Genome Study, KHGS). Examination
|
3538
|
1547
|
1991
|
71
|
WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD or less
|
Lunar Prodigy DXA
|
Point
|
60-69
|
13.7
|
28.5
| |
U
|
|
70-79
|
22.4
|
47.5
|
|
Lumbar spine
|
Vestergaard [52] 2005 Denmark
|
1995-9, all in- and outpatients recorded in The National Hospital Discharge Register (=100%) based on all ICD-10 codes on OP. Register (National)
|
11359
|
1426
|
9933
|
N/A
|
WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD or less
|
The National Hospital Discharge Register
|
Point
|
60-64
|
3.4
| |
17.3
|
L
|
|
65-69
|
4.6
|
27.7
|
|
70-74
|
6.0
|
39.6
|
|
75-79
|
7.9
|
51.1
|
|
80-84
|
10.1
|
60.2
|
|
85-89
|
12.7
|
66.0
|
|
90-94
|
15.8
|
68.2
|
|
95+
|
19.8
|
65.6
|
|
Lumbar spine
|
Yang [51] 2004 Taiwan
|
1994-8, female patients entering a hospital for a DXA scan. Examination (hospital)
|
4689
|
0
|
4689
|
?
|
Threshold level, lumbar spine < 0.827 g/cm2
|
Lunar DXA
|
Point
|
60-69
| |
14.1
| |
H
|
|
70-79
|
14.3
|
|
80+
|
16.1
|
|
Lumbar spine
|
Yoshimura [35] 2009 Japan
|
1990, (40–79 yo), all inhabitants from the register of residents in Miyama village (the Miyama Study). Examination
|
400
|
200
|
200
|
100
|
WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD or less
|
Lunar DXA
|
Point
|
60-69
|
12.0
|
38.0
| |
U
|
|
70-79
|
14.0
|
60.0
|
|
Lumbar spine
|
Yoshimura [33] 2009 Japan
|
2005-7, (40+ yo), recruited from the resident-registration lists of the Hidakagawa & Taiji regions or from a randomly selected cohort study from the Itabashi (Tokyo) Ward resident registration database (the ROAD study). Examination
|
3040
|
1061
|
1979
|
76
|
Criteria of the Japanese Society of Bone and Mineral Research (BMD <70% of PBM: lumbar spine BMD < 0.708 g/cm2)
|
Hologic DXA
|
Point
|
60-69
|
2.6
|
13.5
| |
U
|
|
70-79
|
3.6
|
29.8
|
|
80+
|
7.4
|
43.8
|
|
Hip
|
Vestergaard [52] 2005 Denmark
|
1995-9, all in- and outpatients recorded in The National Hospital Discharge Register (=100%) based on all ICD-10 codes on OP. National register
|
11359
|
1426
|
9933
|
N/A
|
WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD or less
|
The National Hospital Discharge Register
|
Point
|
60-64
|
12.7
|
20.0
| |
L
|
|
65-69
|
17.7
|
30.4
|
|
70-74
|
23.7
|
42.5
|
|
75-79
|
30.8
|
54.6
|
|
80-84
|
38.6
|
65.4
|
|
85-89
|
46.9
|
73.9
|
|
90-94
|
55.3
|
79.9
|
|
95+
|
64.3
|
83.9
|
|
Femoral neck
|
Cui [44] 2008 South Korea
|
2004-5, (20–79 yo), from the Namwon study and the Thyroid Disease Prevalence study invited to clinical examination and interview, from two provinces. Interview, questionnaire + examination
|
4148
|
1810
|
2338
|
39
|
WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD or less
|
Lunar DXA
|
Point
|
60-69
|
7.3
|
11.4
| |
U
|
|
70-79
|
15.2
|
36.7
|
|
Femoral neck
|
Henry [45] 2000 Australia
|
1997, (20–94 yo), age-stratified, random, population-based sample of women registered (compulsory) in the Commonwealth of Australia Electoral Rolls, Geelong. Questionnaire + examination
|
1494
|
0
|
1494
|
63
|
WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD (NB. Hip: femoral neck used in this review)
|
Lunar DXA, DPX-L densitometer
|
Point
|
60-64
| |
15.2
| |
U
|
|
65-69
|
20.8
|
|
70-79
|
31.6
|
|
80+
|
36.5
|
|
Femoral neck
|
Holt [46] 2002 UK
|
(50+ yo), random sample from seven health centres (Aberdeen, Bath, rural Cambridgeshire, Harrow, Truro, Norfolk, and Cambridge City). Questionnaire + examination
|
7426
|
2253
|
5173
|
48
|
WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD (NB. Hip: femoral neck used in this review)
|
Hologic DXA, QDR 1000 densitometer
|
Point
|
65+
|
2.7
|
8.1
| |
U
|
|
Femoral neck
|
Sanfélix-Genovés [49] 2010 Spain
|
2006-7, (50+ yo), stratified random sample of women included in the Population Information System of the Valencia Healthcare Agency, Valencia (the FRAVO Study). Interview, questionnaire + examination
|
824
|
0
|
824
|
47
|
WHO BMD T-score −2.5 SD or less
|
Norland & Hologic Densitometer.
|
Point
|
60-64
|
6.9 (3.1-10.7)
| | |
U
|
|
65-69
|
10.1 (9.4-21.3)
|
|
70-74
|
15.4 (9.4-21.3)
|
|
75+
|
34.8 (23.4-46.1)
|
|
Femoral neck
|
Yang [51] 2004 Taiwan
|
1994-8, female patients entering a hospital for a DXA scan. Examination (hospital)
|
4689
|
0
|
4689
|
?
|
Threshold level, femoral neck < 0.605 g/cm2.
|
Lunar DXA
|
Point
|
60-69
| |
11.2
| |
H
|
|
70-79
|
17.3
| |
|
80+
|
24.0
| |
|
Femoral neck
|
Yoshimura [33] 2009 Japan
|
2005-7, (40+ yo), recruited from the resident-registration lists of the Hidakagawa & Taiji regions or from a randomly selected cohort study from the Itabashi (Tokyo) Ward resident registration database (the ROAD study). Examination
|
3040
|
1061
|
1979
|
76
|
Criteria of the Japanese Society of Bone and Mineral Research (BMD <70% of PBM): femoral neck < 0604 g/cm2 (men) & < 0.55 g/cm2 (women)
|
Hologic DXA
|
Point
|
60-69
|
7.0
|
22.2
| |
U
|
|
70-79
|
22.3
|
42.9
|
|
80+
|
13.0
|
65.1
|
|
Phalanges
|
Biino [42] 2011 Italy
|
2003-2008, (30–103 yo), all residents from 10 villages of the Ogliastra region, Sardinia. Interview + examination
|
6326
|
2024
|
4302
|
51
|
AD-SoS T-score −3.2 SD or less
|
Quantitative II-V phalanges ultrasound
|
Point
|
60-69
|
9.6
|
24.2
| |
U
|
|
70-79
|
13.6
|
42.7
|
|
80+
|
25.8
|
62.1
|
|
Heel
|
Kenny [47] 2009 USA
|
Community-dwelling and assisted living adults recruited through community talks. Questionnaire + examination
|
114
|
81
|
33
|
?
|
BMD T-score level not stated
|
Lunar QUS, Quantitative heel Ultrasound
|
Point
|
82.4 ± 4.6
| | |
31.6
|
H
|
|
Other
|
Cheng [53] 2009 USA
|
1999-2005, (65+ yo), a 5% national sample from beneficiaries fee-for service Medicare parts A and B coverage, not enrolled in a health maintenance organisation. Register (Medicare)
|
911327
|
359733
|
551594
|
N/A
|
Beneficiaries with at least one claim for certain OP related services and with ICD code for OP or fractures associated with OP
|
ICD-9 code for OP
|
Point
|
65-69
| | |
2.0
|
U
|
|
70-74
|
17.2
|
|
75-79
|
25.5
|
|
80+
|
55.4
|
|
Other
|
Collerton [12] 2009 UK
|
2006-7, (85+ yo), all people born in 1921, permanently registered with a participating GP in Newcastle upon Tyne or North Tyneside primary care trusts (the Newcastle 85+ Study). Register (GP)
|
853
|
323
|
530
|
59
|
Not stated
|
Medical record
|
Point
|
85
|
3.8
|
20.0
|
14.2
|
U
|
|
Other
|
Kotz [54] 2004 USA
|
1994 + 1995, (16–94 yo at baseline in 1965), responders who have survived until at least 1994, from the random representative sample of women from the Alameda County Study, California. Postal questionnaire
|
1171
|
0
|
1171
|
97
|
Ever had osteoporosis?
|
Self report
|
Life time
|
66-75
| |
11.5
| |
H
|
|
76-94
|
18.7
|
|
Other
|
Lespessailles [55] 2009 France
|
2006, (45+ yo), stratified random sample of women from the national population data (INSEE) (the INSTANT study). Interview + questionnaire (door to door)
|
2613
|
0
|
2613
|
N/A
|
Whether they had osteoporosis + whether this had been diagnosed by bone densitometry
|
Self report
|
Life time
|
60-64
| |
10
| |
U
|
|
65-69
|
14
|
|
70-74
|
17
|
|
75-79
|
16
|
|
80-84
|
15
|
|
85+
|
10
|
|
Other.
|
Picavet [18] 2003 The Netherlands
|
1998, (25+ yo), a 6 months follow-up on a baseline stratified random sample taken from the population register (the DMC3-study). Postal questionnaire
|
2338
|
?
|
?
|
85
|
"Please indicate whether a physician or medical specialist has ever told you that you have one or more of the following diseases [OP]”
|
Self report
|
Life time
|
65-74
| | |
13
|
H
|
|
75+
|
15
|
|
Other.
|
Saks [56] 2001 Estonia
|
2000, (65+ yo), a stratified random sample of patients from 200 random GPs in 16 Estonian regions. Register (GP).
|
811
|
391
|
420
|
81
|
GP diagnosis without any further description or validation
|
Medical record
|
Point
|
65-84
| | |
15.2
|
U
|
|
85+
|
19.5
|
|
Other
|
Werner [57] 2003 Israel
|
1997-8, (60+ yo), a stratified random sample of Jewish and Arab community-dwelling persons from the Central Bureau of Statistics (the Israeli Survey of Elderly Persons Aged 60 and Over Study). Interview + questionnaire (home visit)
|
3022
|
1688
|
1334
|
60
|
Whether a physician had ever diagnosed them as having osteoporosis
|
Self report
|
Life time
|
60-69
|
5.0
|
20.5
| |
U
|
|
70-79
|
8.0
|
26.3
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
80+
|
7.9
|
28.3
| | |
