Table 1 Procedures for testing the sacroiliac joint

1

Distraction

The participant is positioned supine while pressure is applied to the anterior superior iliac spine directed posteriorly and laterally [23].

2

Thigh thrust

The participant is lying supine, the hip is flexed to 90° and the knee flexed. A posterior shearing stress is applied along the line of the femur [23].

3

Compression

The participant is side-lying facing away from the examiner. Downward pressure is applied to the upper most iliac crest [23].

4

Sacral thrust

The participant is lying prone while three thrusts were applied to the sacrum in an anterior direction [23].

5

Gaenslen

The participant is asked to lie supine on the edge of a table. The leg being tested is hyperextended at the hip so that it hung over the table. The other leg is flexed at the hip and knee. The participant is instructed to hold the non-tested leg with both arms while the the pelvis is stabilized by the examiner and passive pressure is applied to the tested leg to hold it in the hyperextended position. The examiner then applies additional pressure to place the hip into a position of further extension and adduction. A positive test was noted if pain was provoked or reproduced [24].