Outcome
|
Participants
|
Side
|
No orthosis
|
Size-1
|
Size-2
|
Size-3
|
Contrast
|
Change vs no orthosis
|
ANOVA repeated measures
|
---|
A)
|
All(n= 32)
| |
Mean(SD)
|
Mean(SD)
|
Mean(SD)
|
Mean(SD)
| |
%
|
p-value
|
Peak pressure(kPa)
| |
left
|
14.9 (7.4)
|
6.0 (3.6)
|
4.5 (3.0)
|
2.3 (2.1)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-60
|
<0.001
|
S2:
|
-70
| |
S3:
|
-85
| |
| |
right
|
15.8 (8.4)
|
6.6 (4.6)
|
4.8 (3.7)
|
2.3 (2.1)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-58
|
<0.001
|
S2:
|
-70
| |
S3:
|
-85
| |
Max force (N)
| |
left
|
55.0 (20.4)
|
14.7 (10.2)
|
6.9 (5.9)
|
2.3 (2.6)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-73
|
<0.001
|
| | | | | | |
S2
|
-87
| |
| | | | | | |
:S3:
|
-96
| |
| |
right
|
58.8 (18.7)
|
15.1 (10.0)
|
7.3 (6.3)
|
2.7 (3.0)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-74
|
<0.001
|
| | | | | | |
S2:
|
-88
| |
| | | | | | |
S3:
|
-95
| |
Displacement (cm)
|
All(n= 32)
|
ML
|
14.6 (1.9)
|
12.5 (1.8)
|
12.1 (1.7)
|
12.2 (1.4)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-14
|
<0.001
|
| |
right
| | | | |
S2:
|
-17
| |
| | | | | | |
S3:
|
-16
| |
| |
AP
|
4.1 (1.3)
|
4.7 (1.3)
|
5.4 (1.1)
|
6.2 (1.1)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
15
|
<0.001
|
| |
right
| | | | |
S2:
|
32
| |
| | | | | | |
S3:
|
51
| |
B)
|
Subgroups
| | | | | | | | |
Peak pressure(kPa)
|
Without implant(n= 11)
|
left
|
12.6 (4.6)
|
4.2 (3.7)
|
3.2 (3.2)
|
2.1 (2.5)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-67
|
0.001
|
S2:
|
-75
| |
S3:
|
-83
| |
| |
right
|
13.2 (4.9)
|
4.8 (3.9)
|
3.3 (3.3)
|
2.0 (2.4)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-64
|
0.006
|
S2:
|
-75
|
0.001
|
S3:
|
-85
|
0.001
|
|
With implant(n= 20-21)
1
|
left
|
16.1 (8.6)
|
6.6 (2.8)
|
5.1 (2.7)
|
2.5 (1.9)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-59
|
0.002
|
S2:
|
-68
|
<0.001
|
| | | | | | |
S3:
|
-84
|
<0.001
|
| |
right
|
17.1 (9.5)
|
7.6 (4.8)
|
5.6 (3.7)
|
2.5 (2.0)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-56
|
0.001
|
| | | | | | |
S2:
|
-67
|
<0.001
|
| | | | | | |
S3:
|
-85
|
<0.001
|
Max force (N)
|
Without implant(n= 11)
|
left
|
48.8 (14.4)
|
10.1 (11.9)
|
4.6 (6.5)
|
1.9 (3.3)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-79
|
<0.001
|
|
S2:
|
-91
| |
S3:
|
-96
| |
| |
right
|
61.4 (20.9)
|
18.1 (8.2)
|
8.9 (6.0)
|
3.0 (2.7)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-71
|
<0.001
|
S2:
|
-86
| |
S3:
|
-95
| |
|
With implant (n = 20-21)1
|
left
|
60.4 (20.7)
|
17.8 (8.0)
|
8.4 (5.1)
|
2.7 (2.2)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-71
|
<0.001
|
S2:
|
-86
| |
S3:
|
-96
| |
| |
right
|
53.6 (12.8)
|
9.4 (10.6)
|
4.3 (6.0)
|
2.0 (3.7)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-82
|
<0.001
|
S2:
|
-92
| |
S3:
|
-96
| |
Displacement (cm)
|
Without implant(n= 11)
|
ML
|
14.5 (1.8)
|
12.3 (2.5)
|
11.4 (2.4)
|
13.2 (1.6)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-15
|
0.023
|
|
right
|
S2:
|
-21
|
0.019
|
S3:
|
-9
|
0.023
|
| |
AP
|
3.1 (1.4)
|
4.1 (1.6)
|
5.0 (1.2)
|
6.4 (1.1)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
32
|
0.023
|
right
|
S2:
|
61
|
0.051
|
S3:
|
106
|
0.002
|
|
With implant(n= 21)
|
ML
|
14.6 (1.9)
|
12.7 (1.0)
|
12.4 (1.1)
|
11.9 (1.3)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-13
|
0.001
|
right
|
S2:
|
-15
|
0.002
|
S3:
|
-18
|
<0.001
|
| |
AP
|
4.6 (0.9)
|
5.2 (0.9)
|
5.6 (1.1)
|
6.1 (1.1)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
13
|
0.002
|
right
|
S2:
|
22
|
<0.001
|
S3:
|
33
|
<0.001
|
Peak pressure(kPa)
|
Natural(n= 7)
|
left
|
13.0 (2.8)
|
4.3 (4.1)
|
3.4 (3.4)
|
2.4 (2.4)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-67
|
0.014
|
S2:
|
-74
|
0.006
|
S3:
|
-82
|
0.002
|
| |
right
|
13.3 (3.6)
|
5.1 (4.4)
|
3.4 (3.4)
|
2.4 (2.4)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-62
|
0.084
|
S2:
|
-74
|
0.018
|
S3:
|
-82
|
0.007
|
|
Lactating(n =2)
|
left
|
15.0 (11.3)
|
7.0 (0)
|
5.5 (2.1)
|
3.0 (4.2)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-53
|
na
|
S2:
|
-63
| |
S3:
|
-80
| |
| |
right
|
16.0 (11.3)
|
7.0 (0)
|
6.0 (1.4)
|
2.5 (3.5)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-56
|
na
|
S2:
|
-63
| |
S3:
|
-84
| |
|
Primary augmentation(n=18)
|
left
|
16.6 (8.9)
|
6.7 (2.9)
|
5.1 (2.9)
|
2.4 (2.0)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-60
|
0.003
|
S2:
|
-69
|
0.001
|
S3:
|
-86
|
<0.001
|
| |
right
|
16.6 (11.3)
|
7.0 (0)
|
6.0 (1.4)
|
2.5 (3.5)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-58
|
0.003
|
S2:
|
-64
|
0.001
|
S3:
|
-85
|
<0.001
|
|
Reconstruction(n= 2-3)
1
|
left
|
11.5 (0.7)
|
5.5 (0.7)
|
5.0 (0.7)
|
3.0 (0)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-52
|
na
|
(n = 2)
|
S2:
|
-57
| |
S3:
|
-74
| |
| |
right
|
20.3 (14.4)
|
12.7 (10.7)
|
9.0 (7.8)
|
2.0 (1.7)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-37
|
na
|
(n = 3)
|
S2:
|
-56
| |
S3:
|
-90
| |
|
Lumpectomy(n= 1)
|
left
|
8
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
S0 vs all:
|
-100
|
na
|
right
|
10
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
S0 vs all:
|
-100
| |
|
Tram flap(n= 1)
|
left
|
10
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
S0 vs all:
|
-80,-100
|
na
|
right
|
10
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
S0 vs all:
|
-70,-100
| |
Max force(N)
|
Natural(n= 7)
|
left
|
52.3 (13.9)
|
11.6 (13.1)
|
5.0 (7.0)
|
2.1 (3.7)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-78
|
0.005
|
S2:
|
-90
|
0.001
|
S3:
|
-96
|
0.001
|
| |
right
|
51.4 (12.0)
|
10.1 (11.4)
|
4.0 (5.6)
|
2.1 (4.1)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-80
|
0.005
|
S2:
|
-92
|
0.001
|
S3:
|
-96
|
<0.001
|
|
Lactating(n= 2)
|
left
|
45.5 (17.7)
|
14.5 (12.0)
|
8.0 (8.5)
|
3.0 (4.2)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-68
|
na
|
S2:
|
-82
| |
S3:
|
-93
| |
| |
right
|
47.0 (15.6)
|
15.0 (11.3)
|
9.5 (9.2)
|
3.5 (4.9)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-68
|
na
|
S2:
|
-80
| |
S3:
|
-93
| |
|
Primary augmentation(n= 18)
|
left
|
59.0 (21.2)
|
17.5 (8.4)
|
8.2 (5.2)
|
2.6 (2.3)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-70
|
<0.001
|
S2:
|
-86
| |
S3:
|
-96
| |
| |
right
|
60.8 (21.1)
|
18.1 (8.7)
|
9.2 (6.4)
|
2.9 (2.7)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-70
|
<0.001
|
S2:
|
-85
| |
S3:
|
-95
| |
|
Reconstruction(n= 2-3)
1
|
left
|
72.5 (13.4)
|
20.5 (5.0)
|
10.5 (5.0)
|
3.0 (1.4)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-72
|
na
|
S2:
|
-86
| |
S3:
|
-96
| |
| |
right
|
65.0 (23.6)
|
18.3 (4.7)
|
7.3 (2.5)
|
4.0 (2.6)
|
S0 vs S1:
|
-72
|
na
|
S2:
|
-89
| |
S3:
|
-94
| |
|
Lumpecto
|
left
|
27
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
S0 vs all:
|
-100
|
na
|
my(n= 1)
|
right
|
70
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
S0 vs all:
|
-100
| |
|
Tram flap
|
left
|
53
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
S0 vs all:
|
-98,-100
|
na
|
(n =1)
|
right
|
66
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
S0 vs all:
|
-97,-100
| |
- A) All participants; B) Subgroups. All orthoses tested were of firm density.1 One participant had a one sided (right side) implant after mastectomy. Subgroup analysis includes the participant’s measures for the right side only.
- AP, antero-posterior; kPa, kilopascal; ML, medio-lateral; N, Newton; n, number; na, not applicable; S0, no orthosis; S1, size-1 orthosis; S2, size-2 orthosis; S3, size-3 orthosis; vs, versus