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Table 3 Effect of orthosis on mechanical forces

From: Orthosis reduces breast pain and mechanical forces through natural and augmented breast tissue in women lying prone

Outcome

Participants

Side

No orthosis

Size-1

Size-2

Size-3

Contrast

Change vs no orthosis

ANOVA repeated measures

A)

All(n= 32)

 

Mean(SD)

Mean(SD)

Mean(SD)

Mean(SD)

 

%

p-value

Peak pressure(kPa)

 

left

14.9 (7.4)

6.0 (3.6)

4.5 (3.0)

2.3 (2.1)

S0 vs S1:

-60

<0.001

S2:

-70

 

S3:

-85

 
  

right

15.8 (8.4)

6.6 (4.6)

4.8 (3.7)

2.3 (2.1)

S0 vs S1:

-58

<0.001

S2:

-70

 

S3:

-85

 

Max force (N)

 

left

55.0 (20.4)

14.7 (10.2)

6.9 (5.9)

2.3 (2.6)

S0 vs S1:

-73

<0.001

       

S2

-87

 
       

:S3:

-96

 
  

right

58.8 (18.7)

15.1 (10.0)

7.3 (6.3)

2.7 (3.0)

S0 vs S1:

-74

<0.001

       

S2:

-88

 
       

S3:

-95

 

Displacement (cm)

All(n= 32)

ML

14.6 (1.9)

12.5 (1.8)

12.1 (1.7)

12.2 (1.4)

S0 vs S1:

-14

<0.001

  

right

    

S2:

-17

 
       

S3:

-16

 
  

AP

4.1 (1.3)

4.7 (1.3)

5.4 (1.1)

6.2 (1.1)

S0 vs S1:

15

<0.001

  

right

    

S2:

32

 
       

S3:

51

 

B)

Subgroups

        

Peak pressure(kPa)

Without implant(n= 11)

left

12.6 (4.6)

4.2 (3.7)

3.2 (3.2)

2.1 (2.5)

S0 vs S1:

-67

0.001

S2:

-75

 

S3:

-83

 
  

right

13.2 (4.9)

4.8 (3.9)

3.3 (3.3)

2.0 (2.4)

S0 vs S1:

-64

0.006

S2:

-75

0.001

S3:

-85

0.001

 

With implant(n= 20-21) 1

left

16.1 (8.6)

6.6 (2.8)

5.1 (2.7)

2.5 (1.9)

S0 vs S1:

-59

0.002

S2:

-68

<0.001

       

S3:

-84

<0.001

  

right

17.1 (9.5)

7.6 (4.8)

5.6 (3.7)

2.5 (2.0)

S0 vs S1:

-56

0.001

       

S2:

-67

<0.001

       

S3:

-85

<0.001

Max force (N)

Without implant(n= 11)

left

48.8 (14.4)

10.1 (11.9)

4.6 (6.5)

1.9 (3.3)

S0 vs S1:

-79

<0.001

 

S2:

-91

 

S3:

-96

 
  

right

61.4 (20.9)

18.1 (8.2)

8.9 (6.0)

3.0 (2.7)

S0 vs S1:

-71

<0.001

S2:

-86

 

S3:

-95

 
 

With implant (n = 20-21)1

left

60.4 (20.7)

17.8 (8.0)

8.4 (5.1)

2.7 (2.2)

S0 vs S1:

-71

<0.001

S2:

-86

 

S3:

-96

 
  

right

53.6 (12.8)

9.4 (10.6)

4.3 (6.0)

2.0 (3.7)

S0 vs S1:

-82

<0.001

S2:

-92

 

S3:

-96

 

Displacement (cm)

Without implant(n= 11)

ML

14.5 (1.8)

12.3 (2.5)

11.4 (2.4)

13.2 (1.6)

S0 vs S1:

-15

0.023

 

right

S2:

-21

0.019

S3:

-9

0.023

  

AP

3.1 (1.4)

4.1 (1.6)

5.0 (1.2)

6.4 (1.1)

S0 vs S1:

32

0.023

right

S2:

61

0.051

S3:

106

0.002

 

With implant(n= 21)

ML

14.6 (1.9)

12.7 (1.0)

12.4 (1.1)

11.9 (1.3)

S0 vs S1:

-13

0.001

right

S2:

-15

0.002

S3:

-18

<0.001

  

AP

4.6 (0.9)

5.2 (0.9)

5.6 (1.1)

6.1 (1.1)

S0 vs S1:

13

0.002

right

S2:

22

<0.001

S3:

33

<0.001

Peak pressure(kPa)

Natural(n= 7)

left

13.0 (2.8)

4.3 (4.1)

3.4 (3.4)

2.4 (2.4)

S0 vs S1:

-67

0.014

S2:

-74

0.006

S3:

-82

0.002

  

right

13.3 (3.6)

5.1 (4.4)

3.4 (3.4)

2.4 (2.4)

S0 vs S1:

-62

0.084

S2:

-74

0.018

S3:

-82

0.007

 

Lactating(n =2)

left

15.0 (11.3)

7.0 (0)

5.5 (2.1)

3.0 (4.2)

S0 vs S1:

-53

na

S2:

-63

 

S3:

-80

 
  

right

16.0 (11.3)

7.0 (0)

6.0 (1.4)

2.5 (3.5)

S0 vs S1:

-56

na

S2:

-63

 

S3:

-84

 
 

Primary augmentation(n=18)

left

16.6 (8.9)

6.7 (2.9)

5.1 (2.9)

2.4 (2.0)

S0 vs S1:

-60

0.003

S2:

-69

0.001

S3:

-86

<0.001

  

right

16.6 (11.3)

7.0 (0)

6.0 (1.4)

2.5 (3.5)

S0 vs S1:

-58

0.003

S2:

-64

0.001

S3:

-85

<0.001

 

Reconstruction(n= 2-3) 1

left

11.5 (0.7)

5.5 (0.7)

5.0 (0.7)

3.0 (0)

S0 vs S1:

-52

na

(n = 2)

S2:

-57

 

S3:

-74

 
  

right

20.3 (14.4)

12.7 (10.7)

9.0 (7.8)

2.0 (1.7)

S0 vs S1:

-37

na

(n = 3)

S2:

-56

 

S3:

-90

 
 

Lumpectomy(n= 1)

left

8

0

0

0

S0 vs all:

-100

na

right

10

0

0

0

S0 vs all:

-100

 
 

Tram flap(n= 1)

left

10

2

0

0

S0 vs all:

-80,-100

na

right

10

3

0

0

S0 vs all:

-70,-100

 

Max force(N)

Natural(n= 7)

left

52.3 (13.9)

11.6 (13.1)

5.0 (7.0)

2.1 (3.7)

S0 vs S1:

-78

0.005

S2:

-90

0.001

S3:

-96

0.001

  

right

51.4 (12.0)

10.1 (11.4)

4.0 (5.6)

2.1 (4.1)

S0 vs S1:

-80

0.005

S2:

-92

0.001

S3:

-96

<0.001

 

Lactating(n= 2)

left

45.5 (17.7)

14.5 (12.0)

8.0 (8.5)

3.0 (4.2)

S0 vs S1:

-68

na

S2:

-82

 

S3:

-93

 
  

right

47.0 (15.6)

15.0 (11.3)

9.5 (9.2)

3.5 (4.9)

S0 vs S1:

-68

na

S2:

-80

 

S3:

-93

 
 

Primary augmentation(n= 18)

left

59.0 (21.2)

17.5 (8.4)

8.2 (5.2)

2.6 (2.3)

S0 vs S1:

-70

<0.001

S2:

-86

 

S3:

-96

 
  

right

60.8 (21.1)

18.1 (8.7)

9.2 (6.4)

2.9 (2.7)

S0 vs S1:

-70

<0.001

S2:

-85

 

S3:

-95

 
 

Reconstruction(n= 2-3) 1

left

72.5 (13.4)

20.5 (5.0)

10.5 (5.0)

3.0 (1.4)

S0 vs S1:

-72

na

S2:

-86

 

S3:

-96

 
  

right

65.0 (23.6)

18.3 (4.7)

7.3 (2.5)

4.0 (2.6)

S0 vs S1:

-72

na

S2:

-89

 

S3:

-94

 
 

Lumpecto

left

27

0

0

0

S0 vs all:

-100

na

my(n= 1)

right

70

0

0

0

S0 vs all:

-100

 
 

Tram flap

left

53

1

0

0

S0 vs all:

-98,-100

na

(n =1)

right

66

2

0

0

S0 vs all:

-97,-100

 
  1. A) All participants; B) Subgroups. All orthoses tested were of firm density.1 One participant had a one sided (right side) implant after mastectomy. Subgroup analysis includes the participant’s measures for the right side only.
  2. AP, antero-posterior; kPa, kilopascal; ML, medio-lateral; N, Newton; n, number; na, not applicable; S0, no orthosis; S1, size-1 orthosis; S2, size-2 orthosis; S3, size-3 orthosis; vs, versus
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Chiropractic & Manual Therapies

ISSN: 2045-709X