Figure 1From: Spinal manipulation and exercise for low back pain in adolescents: study protocol for a randomized controlled trialStudy flow diagram. Self-report Outcomes: Primary and secondary outcomes (e.g., Pain, Disability). Objective Biomechanical Outcomes: Torso muscle strength & endurance; Continuous lumbar motion; Accelerometer readings for 7 consecutive days. Qualitative Interview: Face-to-face interviews assessing treatment experience and expectations.Back to article page