Table 4 Statements of risks in the informed consent documents (ICDs) for spinal manipulation (n-11)

Cervical (n = 3)

Mild discomfort

1

Falling from treatment table

1

Light headedness

2

Dizziness

2

Flushed feeling

1

Neck/upper back soreness or stiffness

1

Headache

1

Muscle tightness

1

Fatigue

1

Increased neck pain symptoms

1

Neck pain

1

Muscle and ligament sprain/strain

1

Injuries to the spinal discs

1

Neurologic impairment

1

Bone fracture

1

Spinal fractures

1

Stroke

2

Lumbar (n = 8)

No risks or discomforts

1

Falls from the table

1

Fatigue

1

Light-headedness

1

Sweating/flushed feeling

1

Dizziness

1

Increase in current symptoms

3

Muscle/joint soreness

5

Transient discomfort/soreness in the back or lower extremities

3

Worsening of symptoms in the case of disc herniation

1

Injury to shoulder

1

Muscle and ligament sprain/strain

1

Disc injury

1

Bone fracture

4

Stroke

1

Cauda equina syndrome

3