A literature review of clinical tests for lumbar instability in low back pain: validity and applicability in clinical practice

Table 4 Results of diagnostic accuracy studies

Test	2x2 table		Sensitivity	Specificity	PPV	NPV	+LR (95% CI)	-LR (95% CI)
	TP	FP
	FN	TN
PIT [23]	20	9	71.4	57.1	69.0	60.0	1.67	0.50
PIT [23]	8	12	71.4	57.1	69.0	60.0	(0.97-2.88)	(0.97-2.88)
PLE [24]	32	8	84.2	90.5	80.0	92.7	8.84	0.18
PLE [24]	6	76	84.2	90.5	80.0	92.7	(4.51-17.34)	(0.08-0.37)
AMP [23]	5	1	17.9	95.2	83.3	46.5	3.75	0.86
AMP [23]	23	20	17.9	95.2	83.3	46.5	(0.47-29.75)	(0.71-1.05)
ICS [24]	10	12	26.3	85.7	45.5	72.0	1.84	0.86
ICS [24]	28	72	26.3	85.7	45.5	72.0	(0.87-3.89)	(0.87-1.06)
PCS [24]	14	23	36.8	72.6	37.8	71.8	1.35	0.87
PCS [24]	24	61	36.8	72.6	37.8	71.8	(0.78-2.32)	(0.66-1.15)
AS [24]	7	10	18.4	88.1	41.2	70.5	1.55	0.93
AS [24]	31	74	18.4	88.1	41.2	70.5	(0.64-3.76)	(0.78-1.1)
PST [23]	16	11	50.0	47.6	59.3	36.5	0.96	1.05
PST [23]	16	10	50.0	47.6	59.3	36.5	(0.56-1.63)	(0.60-1.85)

T: True, F: False, P: Positive, N: Negative; PPV = Positive Predictive Value; NPV = Negative Predictive Value; +LR = Positive Likelihood Ratio; −LR = Negative Likelihood Ratio; PIT = Prone Instability Test; PLE = Passive Lumbar Extension Test; AMP = Aberrant Movements Sign; ICS: Instability Catch Sign; PCS: Painful Catch Sign; AS: Apprehension Sign; PST = Posterior Shear Test.

ISSN: 2045-709X