Table 2 Common RTW prognostic factors
Study | Health condition | Direction of association |
|---|---|---|
Common for positive effect on RTW outcomes | ||
Personal factors | ||
Higher education and socioeconomic status | ||
 Clay 2010 | MSK | + |
 Steenstra 2005 | MSK | None |
 Cornelius 2011 | Mental | + |
 Detaille 2009 | Other | + |
 Allebeck 2004 | Other | + |
Higher self-efficacy/optimistic perceptions and expectations | ||
 Clay 2010 | MSK | + |
 Iles 2008 | MSK | + |
 Kuijer 2006 | MSK | + |
 Cornelius 2011 | Mental | + |
 O’Neil 2010 | Cardiac | + |
Body structure and function factors | ||
Lower severity of injury/illness | ||
 Clay 2010 | MSK | + |
 Kuijpers 2004 | MSK | +/− |
 Lagerveld 2010 | Mental | + |
 Nightingale 2007 | Brain injury | + |
 van Velzen 2009 | Brain injury | None |
 Detaille 2009 | Other | + |
Environmental factors | ||
Multidisciplinary interventions | ||
 Dick 2011 | MSK | + |
 Hoffman 2007 | MSK | + |
 Norlund 2009 | MSK | + |
 Ravenek 2010 | MSK | +/− |
 Tveito 2004 | MSK | None |
 van Geen 2007 | MSK | + |
 van Middlekoop 2011 | MSK | + |
 Williams 2007 | MSK | + |
 Désiron 2011 | MSK + Other | + |
 Hoefsmit 2012 | MSK + Other | + |
 van Oostrom 2009 | MSK + Other | + |
 Turner-Stokes 2005 | Brain injury | None |
 de Boer 2011 | Cancer | + |
Occupational care/training | ||
 Cornelius 2011 | Mental | + |
 Tamminga 2010 | Cancer | + |
Educational interventions | ||
 Brox 2008 | MSK | + |
 Heymans 2005 | MSK | + |
 Liddle 2007 | MSK | + |
 Meijer 2005 | MSK | +/− |
 Tveito 2004 | MSK | None |
 Tamminga 2010 | Cancer | + |
Psychological interventions | ||
 Meijer 2005 | MSK | +/− |
 Palmer 2012 | MSK | + |
 van Middlekoop 2011 | MSK | + |
 Corbière 2006 | MSK + Mental | + |
 Arends 2012 | Mental | – |
 Nieuwenhuijsen 2008 | Mental | Insufficient |
 de Boer 2011 | Cancer | + |
Stakeholder participation in RTW process | ||
 Carroll 2010 | MSK | + |
 Franche 2005 | MSK | + |
 Cornelius 2011 | Mental | + |
Work modification/accommodation | ||
 Carroll 2010 | MSK | + |
 Dick 2011 | MSK | + |
 Franche 2005 | MSK | + |
 Palmer 2012 | MSK | + |
 Williams 2007 | MSK | + |
 Tamminga 2010 | Cancer | + |
RTW coordination | ||
 Franche 2005 | MSK | + |
 Schandelmaier 2012 | MSK + Other | + |
Early intervention | ||
 Carroll 2010 | MSK | + |
 Hoefsmit 2012 | MSK + Other | + |
Outpatient/comprehensive treatment | ||
 Hlobil 2005 | MSK | + |
 Tveito 2004 | MSK | + |
 Shepherd 2012 | Coronary heart disease | + |
Activities and participation factors | ||
Preinjury employment | ||
 Hansson 2004 | MSK | + |
 Cornelius 2011 | Mental | + |
 Nightingale 2007 | Brain injury | + |
Common for negative effect on RTW outcomes | ||
Personal factors | ||
Older age | ||
 Hansson 2004 | MSK | – |
 Steenstra 2005 | MSK | – |
 Verkerk 2012 | MSK | +/− |
 Cornelius 2011 | Mental | – |
 Hensing 2004 | Mental | +/− |
 Lagerveld 2010 | Mental | – |
 Willemse-van Son 2007 | Brain injury | – |
 O’Neil 2010 | Cardiac | – |
 Perk 2004 | Stroke, Coronary artery disease | – |
 Dekkers-Sanchez 2008 | Other | – |
 Detaille 2009 | Other | – |
Female | ||
 Hansson 2004 | MSK | +/− |
 Steenstra 2005 | MSK | – |
 Verkerk 2012 | MSK | +/− |
 Cornelius 2011 | Mental | – |
 Hensing 2004 | Mental | – |
 van Velzen 2009 | Brain injury | None |
 Detaille 2009 | Other | – |
Body structure and function factors | ||
Higher pain/impairment/disability | ||
 Hansson 2004 | MSK | – |
 Kent 2008 | MSK | +/− |
 Kuijpers 2004 | MSK | +/− |
 Steenstra 2005 | MSK | – |
 Verkerk 2012 | MSK | – |
 Cornelius 2011 | Mental | – |
 Willemse-van Son 2007 | Brain injury | – |
 Detaille 2009 | Other | – |
Depression | ||
 Iles 2008 | MSK | None |
 Cornelius 2011 | Mental | – |
 Lagerveld 2010 | Mental | – |
 Van Velzen 2009 | Brain injury | None |
 O’Neil 2010 | Cardiac | – |
 Detaille 2009 | Other | – |
Environmental factors | ||
Higher physical work demands | ||
 Hansson 2004 | MSK | – |
 Steenstra 2005 | MSK | – |
 Verkerk 2012 | MSK | – |
 Perk 2004 | Stroke, Coronary artery disease | – |
 Allebeck 2004 | Other | – |
Activities and participation factors | ||
Previous sick leave | ||
 Hansson 2004 | MSK | – |
 Kuijpers 2004 | MSK | +/− |
 Cornelius 2011 | Mental | – |
 Lagerveld 2010 | Mental | – |
 Willemse-van Son 2007 | Brain injury | – |
 Allebeck 2004 | Other | – |
 Dekkers-Sanchez 2008 | Other | – |
 Detaille 2009 | Other | – |
Activity limitation/participation restriction | ||
 Kent 2008 | MSK | +/− |
 Verkerk 2012 | MSK | +/− |
 Lagerveld 2010 | Mental | – |
 Nightingale 2007 | Brain injury | – |
 Van Velzen 2009 | Brain injury | – |
 Detaille 2009 | Other | – |
Common for no effect on RTW outcomes | ||
Body structure and function factors | ||
Anxiety and stress | ||
 Iles 2008 | MSK | None |
 Cornelius 2011 | Mental | – |
 Van Velzen 2009 | Brain injury | None |
Inconclusive | ||
Personal factors | ||
Marital status/Nnumber of dependents | ||
 Steenstra 2005 | MSK | None |
 Allebeck 2004 | Other | None |
Lower social support | ||
 Steenstra 2005 | MSK | – |
 Hensing 2004 | Mental | +/− |
Perceived high work demands | ||
 Hansson 2004 | MSK | – |
 Hensing 2004 | Mental | Insufficient |
Higher work satisfaction | ||
 Hansson 2004 | MSK | + |
 Iles 2008 | MSK | None |
 Steenstra 2005 | MSK | None |
 Dekkers-Sanchez 2008 | Other | Insufficient |
Smoking | ||
 Hansson 2004 | MSK | None |
 Steenstra 2005 | MSK | None |
Fear avoidance beliefs | ||
 Iles 2008 | MSK | – |
Psychosocial factors | ||
 Kent 2008 | MSK | +/− |
 Hensing 2004 | Mental | +/− |
Medical history/co-morbidities | ||
 Kent 2008 | MSK | +/− |
 Steenstra 2005 | MSK | None |
 Lagerveld 2010 | Mental | _ |
Alcohol problems | ||
 Hensing 2004 | Mental | +/− |
 Willemse-van Son 2007 | Brain injury | – |
Body structure and function factors | ||
Clinical factors | ||
 Kent 2008 | MSK | +/− |
 van Velzen 2009 | Brain injury | None |
Environmental factors | ||
Workplace social support | ||
 Campbell 2013 | MSK | + |
 Hansson 2004 | MSK | None |
 Hensing 2004 | Mental | Insufficent |
Higher compensation | ||
 Clay 2010 | MSK | – |
 Iles 2008 | MSK | Insufficient |
 Steenstra 2005 | MSK | – |
Working longer shifts | ||
 Steenstra 2005 | MSK | None |
Occupation type/White vs. blue collar | ||
 Clay 2010 | MSK | None |
 Kuijpers 2004 | MSK | +/− |
 Steenstra 2005 | MSK | None |
 Hensing 2004 | Mental | Insufficient |
 Detaille 2009 | Other | + |
Company size | ||
 Steenstra 2005 | MSK | None |
Higher locus of control/decision latitude | ||
 Iles 2008 | MSK | Insufficient |
 Hoefsmit 2012 | MSK + Other | +/− |
 Hensing 2004 | Mental | Insufficient |
 Allebeck 2004 | Other | + |
Encouragement | ||
 Tamminga 2010 | Cancer | +/− |
Exercise | ||
 Oesch 2010 | MSK | + |
 Palmer 2012 | MSK | + |
 Tveito 2004 | MSK | + |
Pamphlet | ||
 Tveito 2004 | MSK | None |
Enhanced primary care/Medication | ||
 Nieuwenhuijsen 2008 | Mental | Insufficient |
Early contact with worker by workplace | ||
 Franche 2005 | MSK | + |
 Williams 2007 | MSK | + |
Graded activity/exposure | ||
 Macedo 2010 | MSK | +/− |
 van der Giessen 2012 | MSK | +/− |
Physical and work conditioning | ||
 Meijer 2005 | MSK | +/− |
 Schaafsma 2013 | MSK | + |
Back belts | ||
 Tveito 2004 | MSK | None |
Lower-intensity intervention (vs. higher) | ||
 Palmer 2012 | MSK | + |
 van Geen 2007 | MSK | None |
 Hoefsmit 2012 | MSK + Other | +/− |
 de Boer 2011 | Cancer | none |
Activation & time-contingent interventions | ||
 Hoefsmit 2012 | MSK + Other | +/− |
Disability management programs/Generic interventions | ||
 Gensby 2012 | MSK + Other | Insufficient |
 Hoefsmit 2012 | MSK + Other | +/− |
Psychotherapy-based workplace interventions | ||
 Stergiopoulos 2011 | Mental | + |
Vocational rehabilitation programs | ||
 Baldwin 2011 | Brain injury | + |
 Fadyl 2009 | Brain injury | + |
 Khan 2009 | Multiple sclerosis | Insufficient |