Table 1 Characteristics of included Studies on causes of LBP
First author, Year, Country | Study design | Anticipated finding(s) based on the study aim(s) | Recall period for LBP Definitiona | According to authors or obvious from text: 1st time episode, Episode, or Prevalence b | Definition of preceding non-episodec | Risk factor data collected prior to the onset of LBP variable |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aggarwal 2013 India [28] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, associated risk factors | 1Â year | Prevalence | None | No |
Alperovitch 2010 Israel [29] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, associated risk factors | 1Â year | Prevalence | None | No |
Auvinen 2010 Finland [30] | Longitudinal | Risk factors | 6Â month | Episode | No LBP previous 6Â month at 16 & 18 | Yes for the 2nd survey |
Capkin 2015 Turkey [31] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factors | Lifetime, 1Â year | Prevalence | NA | No |
Cho 2012 South Korea [32] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factors | Lifetime, Point, 6Â month | Prevalence | NA | Not clear |
Coenen 2013 the Netherlands [33] | Prospective cohort | Associated risk factor | 1Â year | Prevalence | NA | Not clear |
Erick 2014 Botswana [34] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factors | 1Â year | Prevalence | NA | No |
Ernat 2012 North America [35] | Retrospective, Database analysis | Incidence, risk factors | NA | Initial visit for lumbago | NA | No |
Gaowgzeh 2015 Saudi Arabia [36] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factors | Undefined | Prevalence | None | No |
Jia 2016 China [37] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factors | 1Â year | Prevalence | NA | No |
Kanchanomai 2015 Thailand [38] | Prospective | Annual incidence, risk factors | 3Â month | Incidence | None | Not clear |
Katsavouni 2014 Greece [39] | Cross-sectional | Risk factors | 1Â year | Prevalence | NA | No |
Knox 2014 North America [40] | Retrospective Database analysis | Incidence, risk factors | NA | First diagnosis of LBP | NA | No |
Lin 2014 Taiwan [41] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factors | 1Â year | Prevalence | NA | No |
Lin 2012 Taiwan [42] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factors | Lifetime, point | Prevalence | NA | No |
Mikkonen 2016 Finland [43] | Prospective cohort | Risk factors | 6Â month | Episode | No LBP past 6Â month at 16 & 18 | Yes for the 2nd survey |
Mitchell 2010 Australia [44] | Prospective | Risk factors predicting new-onset LBP | Life-time, 1Â year | Episode | No significant LBP at baseline | Yes |
Mohseni-bandpei 2011 Iran [45] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factor | Point, 1Â month, 6Â month, year, lifetime | Prevalence | NA | No |
Murtezani 2011 Kosovo [46] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factors | 1Â year | Prevalence | NA | No |
Ng 2014 Australia [47] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factors | Lifetime, point | Prevalence | NA | No |
Nissen 2014 Denmark [48] | Retrospective | Associated Risk factors | 1Â year | Prevalence | NA | No |
Noda 2015 Sri Lanka [49] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factors | 4Â weeks | Prevalence | NA | No |
Ramond-Roquin 2015 France [50] | Prospective cohort | Risk factors | 1Â week | Prevalence, episode | NA | Yes for the 2nd survey |
Shemory 2016 North America [51] | Retrospective Database analysis | Risk factors | NA | Incidence | NA | No |
Sikiru 2010 Nigeria [52] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factors | 1Â year | Prevalence | NA | No |
Steffens 2015 Australia [53] | Case-crossover | Risk factors | NA | Episode | Free of pain in the past month | No/purposely retrospective |
Sterud 2013 Norway [54] | Prospective | Risk factors | 4Â weeks | Prevalence | NA | No |
Triki 2015 Tunisia [55] | Retrospective | Prevalence | No LBP before current injury | First LBP injury | NA | No |
van Hilst 2015 the Netherlands [56] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, associated risk factors | 1Â year | Prevalence | NA | No |
Vandergrift 2012 North America [57] | Prospective | Risk factors | 1Â year | Episode | Pain-free at baseline | Yes for the follow-up survey |
Vargas-Prada 2013 Spain [58] | Prospective | Incidence, risk factors | 1Â year | Episode | Free of pain in the past month | Yes for the follow-up survey |
Vilar Furtado 2014 Brazil [59] | Cross-sectional | Risk factors | 3Â month | Prevalence | NA | No |
Yue 2012 China [60] | Cross-sectional | Prevalence, risk factors | 1Â year | Prevalence | NA | No |