| Study design | Indirectness | Inconsistency | Imprecision | Publication bias | Quality |
---|
CT |
 9 studies | Serious limitationa | Nob | Noc | Nod | Noe | Moderate |
Myelography |
 8 studies | Serious limitationa | Nob | Noc | Nod | Noe | Moderate |
MRI |
 6 studies | Serious limitationa | Nob | Serious limitationc | Serious limitationd | Noe | Very low |
- aMore than 25% of participants in studies with two or more high risk of domains among four risk of bias domains
- bStudies done in a hospital setting. It was not considered as a serious applicability concern because only surgery was a reference standard
- cIt was evaluated by a correlation between logit-transformed sensitivity and logit-transformed specificity. dWide confidence interval of the sensitivity and specificity in more than 25% of the studies
- eThe possibility of publication bias is not excluded but it was not considered sufficient to downgrade the quality of evidence