Table 5 Results for within-group change and between-group differences in pressure pain threshold
1st author, year | Groups | PPT testing site/s & follow-up time/s | Within-group estimates; mean change from baseline in kg/cm2 (SD, % change) | Significant within-group change (SMT groups only)?^ | Difference in mean change in kg/cm2 [group 1 minus group 2] | Significant between-group difference?^ | Quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Casanova-Méndez, 2014 [28] | Supine TSMT (TSMT 1), Toggle-recoil TSMT (TSMT 2) | C4 SP, T4 SP, & upper trapezius,a immediately & 20 mins after intervention | C4 SP | TSMT 1 vs TSMT 2 | 8 | ||
SMT 1 immed.: 0.21 (0.48, 10.4%) | Yes | C4 SP immed.: 0.00 | No | ||||
SMT 1 20 min: 0.25 (0.59, 12.4%) | Yes | C4 SP 20 min: − 0.05 | No | ||||
SMT 2 immed.: 0.21 (0.32, 10.7%) | Yes | T4 SP immed.: 0.03 | No | ||||
SMT 2 20 min: 0.30 (0.42, 15.3%) | Yes | T4 SP 20 min: − 0.23 | No | ||||
T4 SP | Trapezius immed.: − 0.19 | No | |||||
TSMT 1 immed.: 0.40 (0.59, 10.8%) | Yes | Trapezius 20 min: − 0.11 | No | ||||
TSMT 1 20 min: 0.47 (0.76, 12.7%) | Yes | ||||||
TSMT 2 immed.: 0.37 (0.67, 11.0%) | Yes | ||||||
TSMT 2 20 min: 0.70 (0.79, 20.9%) | Yes | ||||||
Trapezius | |||||||
TSMT 1 immed.: 0.22 (0.60, 6.7%) | Yesc | ||||||
TSMT 1 20 min: 0.32 (0.80, 9.7%) | Yesc | ||||||
TSMT 2 immed.: 0.41 (0.51, 13.6%) | Yesc | ||||||
TSMT 2 20 min: 0.43 (0.53, 14.2%) | Yesc | ||||||
Coronado, 2015 [33] | CSMT, Shoulder manipulation, Shoulder exercises | Acromion & tibialis anterior, immediately after intervention | Acromion | CSMT vs Shoulder manipulation | 8 | ||
CSMT: 0.37 (0.68, 14.2%) | Yesc | Acromion: 0.18 | No | ||||
Shoulder manipulation: 0.19 (0.70, 5.6%) | - | Tibialis anterior: 0.26 | No | ||||
Exercise: 0.10 (0.69, 3.1%) | - | CSMT vs Exercise | |||||
Tibialis anterior | Acromion: 0.27 | No | |||||
CSMT: 0.35 (0.84, 7.4%) | Yesc | Tibialis anterior: 0.10 | No | ||||
Shoulder manipulation: 0.09 (0.83, 1.7%) | - | ||||||
Exercise: 0.25 (1.89, 4.5%) | - | ||||||
Kardouni, 2015 [35] | TSMT, Sham SMT | Deltoida & lower trapezius,a immediately after intervention | Deltoid | TSMT vs Sham | 8 | ||
TSMT: 0.10 (1.65, 2.8%) | No | Deltoid: 0.11 | No | ||||
Sham: − 0.01 (1.51, − 0.1%) | - | Trapezius: 0.11 | No | ||||
Trapezius | |||||||
TSMT: 0.09 (1.70, 2.2%) | No | ||||||
Sham: − 0.02 (1.49, − 0.3%) | - | ||||||
Bautista-Aguirre, 2017 [27] | CSMT, TSMT, Control | Median nerve (wrist),a median nerve (elbow),a ulnar nerve,a & radial nerve,a immediately after intervention | Median nerve (wrist) | CSMT vs control | 7.5 | ||
CSMT: 0.24 (1.41, 3.4%) | Noc | Median nerve (wrist): 0.29 | No | ||||
TSMT: 0.27 (1.38, 3.9%) | Noc | Median nerve (elbow): 0.14 | No | ||||
Control: − 0.05 (3.52, − 0.8%) | - | Ulnar nerve: 0.26 | No | ||||
Median nerve (elbow) | Radial nerve: 0.44 | No | |||||
CSMT: 0.2 (0.72, 6.8%) | Noc | TSMT vs control | |||||
TSMT: 0.2 (0.7, 6.8%) | Noc | Median nerve (wrist): 0.33 | No | ||||
Control: 0.07 (0.91, 2.6%) | - | Median nerve (elbow): 0.14 | No | ||||
Ulnar nerve | Ulnar nerve: 0.25 | No | |||||
CSMT: 0.38 (1.01, 9.2%) | Noc | Radial nerve: 0.42 | No | ||||
TSMT: 0.37 (0.99, 9.1%) | Noc | CSMT vs TSMT | |||||
Control: 0.11 (0.7, 2.8%) | - | Median nerve (wrist): − 0.03 | No | ||||
Radial nerve | Median nerve (elbow): 0.01 | No | |||||
CSMT: 0.83 (1.25, 24.1%) | Yesc | Ulnar nerve: 0.01 | No | ||||
TSMT: 0.81 (1.21, 23.6%) | Yesc | Radial nerve: 0.02 | No | ||||
Control: 0.39 (0.82, 11.3%) | - | ||||||
Martínez-Segura, 2012 [21] | CSMT,b TSMT | C5–6 facet,a lateral epicondyle,a & tibialis anterior,a 10 mins after intervention | C5–6 facet | CSMT vs TSMT | 7.5 | ||
CSMT: 0.40 (0.33, 29.1%) | Yes | C5–6 facet: 0.10 | No | ||||
TSMT: 0.30 (0.32, 23.1%) | Yes | Lateral epicondyle: 0.05 | No | ||||
Lateral epicondyle | Tibialis anterior: 0.07 | No | |||||
CSMT: 0.45 (0.46, 31.6%) | Yes | ||||||
TSMT: 0.40 (0.36, 28.6%) | Yes | ||||||
Tibialis anterior | |||||||
CSMT: 0.82 (0.67, 38.8%) | Yes | ||||||
TSMT: 0.75 (0.46, 36.6%) | Yes | ||||||
De Oliveira, 2013 [32] | “Non-region specific” TSMT, “Region-specific” LSMT | Lumbar paraspinals & tibialis anterior, immediately after intervention | Paraspinals | TSMT vs LSMT | 7 | ||
TSMT: 0.37 (1.36, 7.5%) | Yes | Paraspinals: 0.18 | No | ||||
LSMT: 0.19 (1.53, 3.8%) | No | Tibialis anterior: − 0.12 | No | ||||
Tibialis anterior | |||||||
TSMT: 0.11 (1.26, 1.7%) | No | ||||||
LSMT: 0.23 (1.12, 3.6%) | No | ||||||
Maduro de Camargo, 2011 [30] | CSMT, Control | Upper trapezius,a deltoid,a & C5 SP, 5 mins after intervention | Trapezius | CSMT vs Control | 6.5 | ||
CSMT: 0.3 (0.41, 9.0%) | Yesc | Trapezius: 0.10 | No | ||||
Control: 0.2 (0.69, 5.7%) | - | Deltoid: 0.45 | Yes | ||||
Deltoid | C5 SP: 0.20 | Yes | |||||
CSMT: 0.25 (0.49, 7.7%) | Yesc | ||||||
Control: − 0.2 (0.58, − 6.3%) | - | ||||||
C5 SP | |||||||
CSMT: 0.1 (0.19, 4.3%) | Yesc | ||||||
Control: − 0.1 (0.53, − 4.3%) | - | ||||||
Packer, 2014 [24] | TSMT, Sham SMT | TMJ,a masseter,a & temporalis,a immediately after intervention | TMJ | TSMT vs Sham | 6.5 | ||
TSMT: − 0.05 (NR, − 7.7%) | No | TMJ: − 0.05 | No | ||||
Sham: 0.00 (NR, 0.0%) | - | Masseter: 0.05 | No | ||||
Masseter | Temporalis: 0.00 | No | |||||
TSMT: 0.05 (NR, 10.0%) | No | ||||||
Sham: 0.00 (NR, 0.0%) | - | ||||||
Temporalis | |||||||
TSMT: 0.00 (NR, 0.0%) | No | ||||||
Sham: 0.00 (NR, 0.0%) | - | ||||||
Salom-Moreno, 2014 [31] | TSMT, Thoracic mob. | C5–6 facet,a 2nd metacarpal,a & tibialis anterior,a 10 mins after intervention | C5–6 facet | TSMT vs Mob. | 6.5 | ||
TSMT: 0.37 (0.17, 27.2%) | Yes | C5–6 facet: 0.26 | No | ||||
Mob.: 0.11 (0.20, 7.4%) | - | 2nd metacarpal: 0.03 | No | ||||
2 nd metacarpal | Tibialis anterior: 0.00 | No | |||||
TSMT: 0.20 (0.12, 7.4%) | Yes | ||||||
Mob.: 0.16 (0.43, 6.4%) | - | ||||||
Tibialis anterior | |||||||
TSMT: 0.09 (0.45, 2.1%) | Yes | ||||||
Mob.: 0.09 (0.10, 2.2%) | - | ||||||
Côté, 1994 [25] | LSMT, Lumbar mob. | L5 paraspinals, SIJs, & gluteal muscles, immediately, 15 mins & 30 mins after intervention | L5 paraspinals | LSMT vs Mob. | 5.5 | ||
LSMT immed.: 0.00 (NR, 0.0%) | No | L5 paraspinals immed.: 0.65 | No | ||||
LSMT 15 min: − 0.11 (NR, − 2.1%) | No | L5 paraspinals 15 min: 0.65 | No | ||||
LSMT 30 min: 0.20 (NR, 3.7%) | No | L5 paraspinals 30 min:1.07 | No | ||||
Mob. immed.: − 0.65 (NR, − 11.0%) | - | SIJs immed.: 0.95 | No | ||||
Mob. 15 min: − 0.77 (NR, − 12.9%) | - | SIJs 15 min: 0.45 | No | ||||
Mob. 30 min: − 0.87 (NR, − 14.7%) | - | SIJs 30 min: 1.10 | No | ||||
SIJs | Gluteals immed.: 0.32 | No | |||||
LSMT immed.: 0.66 (NR, 12.9%) | No | Gluteals 15 min: 0.12 | No | ||||
LSMT 15 min: 0.09 (NR, 1.7%) | No | Gluteals 30 min: 0.44 | No | ||||
LSMT 30 min: 0.53 (NR, 10.4%) | No | ||||||
Mob. immed.: − 0.29 (NR, − 4.7%) | - | ||||||
Mob. 15 min: − 0.36 (NR, − 6.0%) | - | ||||||
Mob. 30 min: − 0.57 (NR, − 9.4%) | - | ||||||
Gluteals | |||||||
LSMT immed.: 0.31 (NR, 6.1%) | No | ||||||
LSMT 15 min: 0.44 (NR, 8.9%) | No | ||||||
LSMT 30 min: 0.59 (NR, 11.9%) | No | ||||||
Mob. immed.: − 0.02 (NR, − 0.3%) | - | ||||||
Mob. 15 min: 0.32 (NR, 6.4%) | - | ||||||
Mob. 30 min: 0.16 (NR, 3.1%) | - | ||||||
Lopez-Lopez, 2015 [29] | CSMT, P-A cervical mob. (mob. 1), glide cervical mob. (mob. 2) | C2 SP, 5 mins after intervention | C2 SP | CSMT vs Mob. 1 | 5.5 | ||
CSMT: 0.08 (0.43, 4.6%) | Yes | C2 SP: −0.13 | No | ||||
Mob. 1: 0.21 (0.40, 14.1%) | - | CSMT vs Mob. 2 | |||||
Mob. 2: 0.30 (0.41, 18.0%) | - | C2 SP: − 0.22 | No | ||||
Mansilla Ferragut, 2009 [26] | CSMT, Sham SMT | Sphenoid bone, 5 mins after intervention | Sphenoid bone | CSMT vs Sham | 5 | ||
CSMT: 0.1 (0.20, 12.5%) | Yesc | Sphenoid bone: 0.20 | Yes | ||||
Sham: − 0.1 (0.30, − 12.5%) | - | ||||||
Fernández-Carnero, 2008 [34] | CSMT, Sham SMT | Lateral epicondyle,a 5 mins after intervention | Lateral epicondyle | CSMT vs Sham | 4.5 | ||
CSMT: 1.00 (0.68, 27.9%) | Yes | Lateral epicondyle: 0.90 | Yes | ||||
Sham: 0.10 (0.45, 2.5%) | - |