Table 4 Diagnostic value of clinical tests and questionnaires for Modic changes
Multi-test regimens | Sensitivity | Specificity | PPV | NPV | LR+ | LR– | AUC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 out of 9 tests | 1(0.00–0.10) | 100(0.9–1.0) | 1(0.1–1.0) | 46(37.3–56.5) | NA | 0.98(0.95–1.01) | 0.421 |
≥1 positive out of 9 tests | 99(94.4–99.9) | 1(0.00–8.5) | 53(43.4–62.6) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.411 |
≥2 positive out of 9 tests | 98(89.3–98.3) | 7(2.4–19.4) | 55(45.2–64.6) | 8(2.98–9.89) | 1.06(0.97–1.15) | 0.21(0.01–2.37) | 0.445 |
≥3 positive out of 9 tests | 89(81.6–94.0) | 13(6.0–26.0) | 55(44.7–64.8) | 58(28.5–83.5) | 1.05(0.92–1.20) | 0.61(0.20–1.82) | 0.435 |
≥4 positive out of 9 tests | 91(80.8–96.8) | 26(15.9–41.2) | 59(48.4–69.0) | 73(48.5–89.8) | 1.25(1.04–1.50) | 0.30(0.12–0.79) | 0.515 |
≥5 positive out of 9 tests | 80(67.2–81.7) | 32(20.7–47.2) | 57(46.4–68.4) | 58(39.1–75.9) | 1.18(0.94–1.49) | 0.61(0.34–1.09) | 0.488 |
≥6 positive out of 9 tests | 61(48.1–73.6) | 52(37.7–65.7) | 59(46.4–71.6) | 54(39.4–67.9) | 1.28(0.90–1.81) | 0.73(0.51–1.05) | 0.530 |
≥7 positive out of 9 tests | 33(22.0–46.7) | 71(56.7–82.4) | 57(39.5–73.2) | 48(36.6–59.6) | 1.15(0.66–.2.01) | 0.93(0.77–1.13) | 0.500 |
≥8 positive out of 9 tests | 10(4.1–21.1) | 90(82.7–94.7) | 54(24.5–81.1) | 46(36.6–56.6) | 1.04(0.33–3.21 | 0.99(0.91–1.08) | 0.333 |
9 positive out of 9 tests | 3(0.01–0.25) | 1(0.91–1) | 100(0.20–1) | 47(37.7–56.9) | Na | 96.6(92.2–1.01) | NA |
Single tests | |||||||
 Flexion pain | 60 (48.3–70.4) | 63 (43.9–80.0) | 82 (64.0–90.5) | 37 (23.6–51.0) | 1.63 (0.99–2.69) | 0.64 (0.43–0.93) | 0.59 |
 Extension pain | 58 (46.6–69.2) | 58 (39.2–74.5) | 77 (63.9–86.6) | 37 (23.5–51.0) | 1.37 (0.88–2.13) | 0.73 (0.49–1.07) | 0.57 |
 ROM flexion | 56 (45.3–66.9) | 56 (34.9–75.6) | 82 (69.6–90.5) | 27 (15.6–41.0) | 1.28 (0.79–2.07) | 0.78 (0.51–1.19) | 0.54 |
 ROM extension | 58 (47.1–69.0) | 61 (40.6–78.5) | 82 (69.6–90.5) | 33 (20.3–47.1) | 1.48 (0.91–2.44) | 0.69 (0.46–1.01) | 0.57 |
 SLR | 44 (25.5–64.7) | 45 (33.7–55.9) | 21 (11.2–33.4) | 71 (56.9–82.9) | 0.80 (0.50–1.28) | 1.25 (0.82–1.89) | 0.48 |
 PIT | 58 (46.6–69.6) | 57 (39.4–73.7) | 75 (62.1–85.3) | 39 (25.3–53.0) | 1.36 (0.89–2.09) | 0.73 (0.49–1.07) | 0.57 |
 RDMQ | 40 (27.8–53.4) | 60 (45.1–72.6) | 53 (38.0–68.0) | 46 (34.1–58.8) | 0.99 (0.63–1.55) | 1.00 (0.79–1.27) | 0.61 |
 NPRS | 57 (43.2–69.1) | 54 (39.5–67.5) | 59 (44.9–71.1) | 52 (37.9–65.4) | 1.18 (0.75–1.88) | 0.99 (0.70–1.14) | 0.53 |
 PSEQ | 45 (32.3–58.3) | 42 (29.0–56.7) | 47 (34.1–60.9) | 40 (27.0–54.0) | 0.78 (0.54–1.22) | 1.33 (0.98–1.72) | 0.44 |