First author Year | 1) What is the number of participants of the experimental group (NE) and the control group (NC) and are they equal? - NE = NC − NE ≠ NC 2) Are the standard deviations of the experimental group (SDE) and the control group (SDC) equal? - SDE = SDC - SDE ≠ SDC 3) Which type of effect size coefficient should be used? - Cohen’s d coefficient (if NE = NC and SDE = SDC or SDE ≠ SDC) - Hedges’ g coefficient (if NE ≠ NC and SDE ≠ SDC) 4) Give the equations that would be used: - Effect size (d/g) - Standard deviation of PPT values used to calculate the effect size (SD* or SD pooled) - Standard deviation of the effect size (SD(d)) - Confidence interval of the effect size (95% CI) | What are the reported mean PPT values for the experimental group (ME) and for the control group (MC) with their standard deviation (+/− SD), at each follow-up time (units)? | At each follow-up time, what are the: - Effect size (d/g), - Its standard deviation (SD(d)) - Its confidence interval (95% CI) - p value between groups | Effect sizes of clinical significant findings at each follow-up: 0.2 to 0.49 (small) - 0.5 to 0.79 (medium) - 0.8 to 1.00 (large) |
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Ruiz Saez 2007 | 1) NE = NC = 36 2) SDE ≠ SDC 3) Cohen’s d coefficient 4) -\( d=\frac{M_E-{M}_C}{SD^{\ast }} \) - \( \mathrm{SD}\ast =\sqrt{\frac{{SD_E}^2+{SD_C}^2}{2}} \) - \( \mathrm{SD}(d)=\sqrt{\frac{N_E+{N}_C}{N_E\times {N}_C}+\frac{d^2}{2\left({N}_E+{N}_C\right)}} \) - 95% CI: [d − 1.96 × SD (d); d + 1.96 × SD(d)] | -T0: ME = + 1.35 +/− 0.5 Kg/cm2 MC = + 1.27 +/− 0.4 Kg/cm2 -T + 5: ME = + 1.38 +/− 0.5 Kg/cm2 MC = + 1.15 +/− 0.4 Kg/cm2 -T + 10: ME = + 1.39 +/− 0.5 Kg/cm2 MC = + 1.1 +/− 0.5 Kg/cm2 | -T0: -d = 0.17 -SD(d) = 0.24 - 95% CI: [− 0.29; + 0.63] - p value: NS -T + 5: -d = 0.51 -SD(d) = 0.24 - 95% CI: [+ 0.04; + 0.98] - p < 0.01 -T + 10: -d = 0.58 -SD(d) = 0.24 - 95% CI: [+ 0.11; + 1.05] -p < 0.01 | T0: small T + 5: medium T + 10: medium |
Srbely 2013 | 1) NE = NC = 18 2) SDE ≠ SDC 3) Cohen’s d coefficient 4) -\( d=\frac{M_E-{M}_C}{SD^{\ast }} \) -\( \mathrm{SD}\ast =\sqrt{\frac{{SD_E}^2+{SD_C}^2}{2}} \) -\( \mathrm{SD}(d)=\sqrt{\frac{N_E+{N}_C}{N_E\times {N}_C}+\frac{d^2}{2\left({N}_E+{N}_C\right)}} \) - 95% CI: [d − 1.96 × SD (d); d + 1.96 × SD(d)] | -T + 1: ME = + 34.4 +/− 9.6 N MC = + 30.7 +/− 7.5 N -T + 5: ME = + 37.5 +/− 11.9 N MC = + 28.7 +/− 6.0 N -T + 10: ME = + 37.9 +/− 14.4 N MC = + 28.9 +/− 6.3 N -T + 15: ME = + 34.3 +/− 11.5 N MC = + 28.6 +/− 7.0 N | -T + 1: -d = 0.42 -SD(d) = 0.34 - 95% CI: [− 0.24; + 1.08] -p < 0.01 -T + 5: -d = 0.93 -SD(d) = 0.35 − 95% CI: [+ 0.24; + 1.62] -p < 0.01 -T + 10: -d = 0.80 -SD(d) = 0.35 - 95% CI: [+ 0.12; + 1.48] -p < 0.01 -T + 15: -d = 0.59 -SD(d) = 0.34 - 95% CI: [− 0.08; + 1.26] -p < 0.01 | T + 1: small T + 5: large T + 10: large T + 15: medium |
Fernandez de la Penas 2008 | 1) NE = NC = 10 2) SDE ≠ SDC 3) Cohen’s d coefficient 4) - \( d=\frac{M_E-{M}_C}{SD^{\ast }} \) - \( \mathrm{SD}\ast =\sqrt{\frac{{SD_E}^2+{SD_C}^2}{2}} \) - \( \mathrm{SD}(d)=\sqrt{\frac{N_E+{N}_C}{N_E\times {N}_C}+\frac{d^2}{2\left({N}_E+{N}_C\right)}} \) - 95% CI: [d − 1.96 × SD (d); d + 1.96 × SD(d)] | -T + 5: (dominant side/dominant side) ME = + 387.6 +/− 70.9 kPa/s MC = + 312.3 +/− 47.7 kPa/s | -T + 5: -d = 1.24 -SD(d) = 0.49 - 95% CI: [+ 0.28; + 2.20] -p < 0.05 | T + 5: large |
Fernandez de la Penas 2007 | 1)NE = NC = 15 2) SDE ≠ SDC 3) Cohen’s d coefficient 4) - d = \( \frac{M_E-{M}_C}{SD^{\ast }} \) - SD*= \( \sqrt{\frac{{SD_E}^2+{SD_C}^2}{2}} \) - SD(d)=\( \sqrt{\frac{N_E+{N}_C}{N_E\times {N}_C}+\frac{d^2}{2\left({N}_E+{N}_C\right)}} \) - 95% CI: [d − 1.96 × SD (d); d + 1.96 × SD(d)] | -T + 5: ME = + 2.9+/− 0.6 Kg/cm2 MC = + 2.3+/− 0.5 Kg/cm2 | -T + 5: -d = 1.08 -SD(d) = 0.48 − 95% CI: [+ 0.14; + 2.02] -p < 0.01 | T + 5: large |
Hamilton 2007 | 1) NE ≠ NC - NE = 35 - NC = 25 2) SDE ≠ SDC 3) Hedge’ g coefficient 4) \( {\mathrm{SD}}_{\mathrm{pooled}}=\sqrt{\frac{\left({\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{E}}\hbox{-} 1\right){\mathrm{SD}}_{{\mathrm{E}}^2}+\left({\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{C}}\hbox{-} 1\right){\mathrm{SD}}_{{\mathrm{C}}^2}}{{\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{E}}+{\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{C}}\hbox{-} 2}} \) - \( \boldsymbol{g}=\frac{{\boldsymbol{M}}_{\boldsymbol{E}}-{\boldsymbol{M}}_{\boldsymbol{C}}}{{\boldsymbol{SD}}_{\boldsymbol{Pooled}}} \) -\( \mathrm{SD}\left(\mathrm{g}\right)=\sqrt{\frac{N_E+{N}_C}{N_E\times {N}_C}+\frac{d^2}{2\left({N}_E+{N}_C\right)}} \) - 95% CI: [d − 1.96 × SD (d); d + 1.96 × SD(d)] | -T + 5: ME = + 398.06 +/− 133.51 kPa/s MC = + 368.44 +/− 208.16 kPa/s -T + 30: ME = + 374.58 +/− 127.50 kPa/s MC = + 368.68 +/− 192.62 kPa/s | -T + 5: -g = 0.17 -SD(g) = 0.26 − 95% CI: [− 0.34; + 0.68] -p < 0.01 -T + 30: -g = 0.03 -SD(g) = 0.26 − 95% CI: [− 0.48; + 0.54] -p value: NS | T + 5: small T + 30: small |
Yu 2012 | 1) NE = NC = 30 2) SDE ≠ SDC 3) Cohen’s d coefficient 4) - d = \( \frac{M_E-{M}_C}{SD^{\ast }} \) - SD*= \( \sqrt{\frac{{SD_E}^2+{SD_C}^2}{2}} \) - SD(d)=\( \sqrt{\frac{N_E+{N}_C}{N_E\times {N}_C}+\frac{d^2}{2\left({N}_E+{N}_C\right)}} \) - 95% CI: [d − 1.96 × SD (d); d + 1.96 × SD(d)] | -L5-S1 PD side T0: ME = + 5.64+/− 1.13 Kg/cm2 MC = + 4.85+/− 1.12 Kg/cm2 -L5-S1 OPD side T0: ME = + 5.56+/− 1.17 Kg/cm2 MC = + 4.91+/− 1.13 Kg/cm2 -L5 dermatome PD side T0: ME = + 4.77+/− 0.96 Kg/cm2 MC = + 4.14+/− 1.13 Kg/cm2 -L5 dermatome OPD side T0: ME = + 4.63+/− 0.95 Kg/cm2 MC = + 4.09+/− 0.82 Kg/cm2 | -L5-S1 PD side T0 -d = 0.70 -SD(d) = 0.27 − 95% CI: [+ 0.18; + 1.22] -p < 0.05 -L5-S1 OPD side T0 -d = 0.56 -SD(d) = 0.26 − 95% CI: [+ 0.04; + 1.08] -p < 0.05 - L5 dermatome PD side T0 -d = 0.60 -SD(d) = 0.26 − 95% CI: [+ 0.08; + 1.12] -p < 0.05 - L5dermatome OPD side T0 -d = 0.60 -SD(d) = 0.26 − 95% CI: [+ 0.08; + 1.12] -p < 0.05 | -L5-S1 PD side T0: medium -L5-S1 OPD side T0: medium - L5 dermatome PD side T0: medium - L5dermatome OPD side T0: medium |
Thomson 2009 | 1) NE ≠ NC - NE = 19 - NC = 13 2) SDE ≠ SDC 3) Hedge’g coefficient 4) - g = \( \frac{M_E-{M}_C}{SD_{Pooled}} \) \( {\mathrm{SD}}_{\mathrm{pooled}}=\sqrt{\frac{\left({\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{E}}\hbox{-} 1\right){\mathrm{SD}}_{{\mathrm{E}}^2}+\left({\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{C}}\hbox{-} 1\right){\mathrm{SD}}_{{\mathrm{C}}^2}}{{\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{E}}+{\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{C}}\hbox{-} 2}} \) -\( \mathrm{SD}\left(\mathrm{g}\right)=\sqrt{\frac{N_E+{N}_C}{N_E\times {N}_C}+\frac{d^2}{2\left({N}_E+{N}_C\right)}} \) - 95% CI: [d − 1.96 × SD (d); d + 1.96 × SD(d)] | (Approximate data) -T0: ME = + 2.2 +/− 1.1 Kg/cm2 MC = + 2.1 +/− 0.8 Kg/cm2 | -T0: -g = 0.10 -SD(g) = 0.36 − 95% CI: [− 0.61; + 0.81] -p value: NS | T0: small |
Fryer 2004 | 1) NE = NC = 32 2) SDE ≠ SDC 3) Cohen’s d coefficient 4) -\( d=\frac{M_E-{M}_C}{SD^{\ast }} \) -\( \mathrm{SD}\ast =\sqrt{\frac{{SD_E}^2+{SD_C}^2}{2}} \) -\( \mathrm{SD}\left(\mathrm{g}\right)=\sqrt{\frac{N_E+{N}_C}{N_E\times {N}_C}+\frac{d^2}{2\left({N}_E+{N}_C\right)}} \) - 95% CI: [d − 1.96 × SD (d); d + 1.96 × SD(d)] | -T0: ME = + 216.51 +/− 90.50 kPa MC = + 244.64 +/− 91.59 kPa | -T0: -d = 0.30 -SD(d) = 0.25 − 95% CI: [− 0.19; + 0.79] -p value: NS | T0: medium |