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Table 5 Mean change in objective measures at week 12 (95% CI)

From: Spinal manipulative therapy and exercise for older adults with chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial

 

Treatment groups

Group differences

 

SMT + HEP

SEP + HEP

HEP

SMT + HEP minus HEP

SEP + HEP minus HEP

SMT + HEP minus SEP + HEP

Isometric strength (lbs)

 Extension

9.1 (5.0 to 12.2)

4.4 (0.3 to 8.4)

6.8 (2.7 to 10.9)

2.3 (−3.5 to 8.1)

− 2.4 (− 8.1 to 3.4)

4.7 (− 1.1 to 10.4)

 Flexion

1.4 (−1.4 to 4.1)

1.0 (−1.8 to 3.8)

2.0 (− 0.8 to 4.8)

− 0.6 (− 4.5 to 3.3)

−1.0 (− 4.9 to 3.0)

0.4 (− 3.6 to 4.3)

Static endurance (sec)

 Extension

18.1 (10.0 to 26.3)

25.3 (17.2 to 33.4)

21.7 (13.5 to 29.9)

−3.6 (− 15.2 to 8.0)

3.6 (− 7.9 to 15.2)

− 7.2 (− 18.7 to 4.3)

 Flexion

9.1 (− 2.0 to 20.2)

25.2 (14.2 to 36.3)

15.8 (4.7 to 27.0)

−6.7 (− 22.4 to 9.0)

9.4 (− 6.3 to 25.1)

−16.1 (− 31.8 to − 0.5)

Handgrip strength testa (kg)

−0.7 (− 1.8 to 0.3)

1.1 (− 0.02 to 2.2)

0.2 (− 0.9 to 1.2)

−0.9 (− 2.4 to 0.6)

0.9 (− 0.6 to 2.4)

− 1.8 (− 3.4 to − 0.3)

Timed up and go test (sec)

−0.7 (−1.1 to − 0.2)

−0.7 (− 1.1 to − 0.2)

−0.5 (− 0.9 to − 0.03)

−0.2 (− 0.8 to 0.5)

−0.2 (− 0.8 to 0.5)

−0.002 (− 0.6 to 0.6)

Range of motion (degrees)

 Flexion/Extension

1.9 (−1.3 to 5.1)

−0.5 (− 3.7 to 2.7)

0.04 (− 3.2 to 3.3)

1.8 (− 2.8 to 6.4)

−0.5 (− 5.1 to 4.0)

2.4 (− 2.2 to 6.9)

 Rotation

− 0.2 (− 3.2 to 2.8)

0.3 (− 2.7 to 3.3)

−0.8 (− 3.8 to 2.2)

0.6 (− 3.7 to 4.9)

1.1 (− 3.1 to 5.4)

−0.5 (− 4.8 to 3.7)

 Lateral flexion

− 0.7 (− 3.0 to 1.6)

0.1 (− 2.2 to2.4)

− 2.0 (− 4.3 to 0.3)

1.3 (− 1.9 to 4.6)

2.1 (− 1.1 to 5.3)

−0.8 (− 4.0 to 2.5)

  1. aAnalysis includes 62 participants in the SMT + HEP group, 61 in the SEP + HEP group, and 61 in the HEP group
  2. (Handgrip strength test was added as an objective measure after the trial was started therefore not available for all participants)
  3. CI, confidence interval; HEP, home exercise program; SEP, supervised exercise program; SMT, spinal manipulative therapy