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Table 6 Outcomes and outcome measurements identified in the ‘Pathophysiological manifestations’ domain for PGP and LPP respectively

From: Outcomes and outcomes measurements used in intervention studies of pelvic girdle pain and lumbopelvic pain: a systematic review

Pathophysiological manifestations

PGP studies (n = 33)

LPP studies (n = 74)

Pain location/ pain provocation

Topographic representation [27]

Specific tests for SIJ region/ pubic symphysis [20, 28,29,30]

Physical exam [31]

Physical exam tests [65, 85, 86, 88, 116]

Physical exam [66]

Recovery of symptoms

Physical exam [32]

 

Posture

Postural analysis [20]

Tests for levels of ASIS and PSIS [116]

Continence

International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form (ICIQ) [48, 49]

Set of purposely devised questions [67]

Pubis symphysis mobility

Radiographic examination - Chamberlian method [29]

 

Muscle function (strength/ endurance)

Isometric trunk extensor/flexor tests [33]

Pelvic floor muscles: surface electromyography [68]

Hip extensors (max voluntary extension): dynamometer [68]

Back extensors/flexors: isometric endurance timed tests [68]

PFM strength – Vaginal balloon catheter [106]

Gait speed/endurance

6MWT [33]

Timed 20 m walk test [68]

Flexibility

/

Digital forward

flexmeter (HRS-220, Japan) [69]

Anthropometric outcomes

/

Weight (KG) [57, 104]

BMI (KG/m2) [57]

Pregnancy outcomes / maternal outcomes

Antenatal, intrapartum, neonatal and infant data that are normally registered in the Medical Birth Register [115]

Maternal: Gestation week at delivery, live births, length of labour, induction required, mode of delivery, episiotomy or a perineal tear, estimated blood loss at birth, antenatal and postnatal haemoglobin count, pain relief during labour. Neonatal: Gender, weight, Apgar score at 1 and 5 min, admittance

to neonatal unit [86]

Apgar score, birth weight, perinatal loss [84]

Apgar scores [67]

Delivery/labour [24, 105]

Gestational week of delivery [105]

Surgical outcomes (fluoroscopy time, insertion time for guide wires, operation time, screw position)

Not specified [117]

Post-op CT scan [117]

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