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Table 1 Summary of temporal precursor variables: cross-sectional and prospective studies

From: Potential risk factors and triggers for back pain in children and young adults. A scoping review, part II: unclear or mixed types of back pain

Variable

Number of studies

Number of studies: Increased risk

Number of studies: Decreased risk

Number of studies not significant

Strength of association (95% CI)

Female sex

53

32

3

18

Positive association:

OR 1.9 (1.4, 2.0) (c) [10]

OR 1.9 (1.4, 2.4) (c) [16]

OR 2.4 (1.9, 3.1) (LBP), OR 2.2 (1.6, 2.9)(MBP) (c) [17]

OR 1.6 (1.2, 2.0) [26]

OR 1.7 (1.4, 2.1) (c) [28]

OR 1.6 (1.4, 2.0) (c) [29]

OR 7.7 (4.7, 12.6)) [34]

OR 1.7 (1.5, 2.0) [39]

OR 1.3 (1.4, 3.3) [42]

OR 1.5 (1.2, 1.8) [43]

OR 2.2 (1.4, 3.3) [44]

OR 1.5 (1.1, 1.9) [45]

OR 1.5 (1.1, 1.9) [47]

OR 2.4 (1.7, 3.3) [51]

OR 1.5 (1.0, 2.1) [53]

OR 2.1 (1.6, 2.9) [54]

OR 1.4 (1.0, 2.1) (c) [58]

OR 1.1 (1.1, 1.2) [59]

OR 1.9 (1.7, 2.2) [64]

OR 2.1 (1.6, 2.7) [66]

PR 1.1 (1.1, 1.2) [69]

PR 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) [70]

OR 1.6 (1.3, 2.1) [74]

OR 1.8 (1.2, 2.7) (c) [76]

OR 4.6 (1.8, 11.7) [78]

OR 2.2 (1.6, 2.9) [77]

OR 2.4 (1.9, 3.2) [79]

OR 1.6 (1.3, 2.0) (c) [81]

OR 1.8 (1.3, 2.4) (c) [83]

OR 2.7 (1.2, 6.1) [84]

Females: 28%, Males 19% [85]

OR 1.9 (1.3, 3.0) [89]

Negative association:

Males: HR 3.2 (2.7, 3.7) [27]

OR 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) [50]

OR 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) (c) [68]

Older Age

34

19

2

13

Positive association:

OR 2.9 (2.6, 3.3) (c) [32]

OR 1.5 (1.1, 2.3) [35]

OR (17 index), 21 yr 2.2 (1.2, 4.2), 23 yr 3.2 (1.7, 6.2), 24 yr 2.8 (1.5, 5.3) [42]

OR (10–11 index), 12–14 yr: 1.1 (1.1, 1.3) [47]

OR 1.1 (1.1, 1.2) [51]

(15 index) 16/17 yr OR 1.7 (1.2, 2.3), 18/19 yr: OR 1.8 (1.2, 2.8) [53]

14 to 15 yr: 6.4% increase [54]

OR 1.2 [58]

r 0.2 [61]

(17/18 index), 21+ yr: OR 1.6 (1.2, 2.1) [65]

(10–12 index), 13–16 yr: OR 1.5 (1.2, 2.0) [66]

(per year): OR 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) [72]

OR 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) [74]

Older 25.1%, younger adolescents 12.4% [75]

(12 index), 14 yrs.: OR 1.3 (1.1, 1.7) [80]

Younger age: OR 1.5 (males), OR 1.4 (females) [81]

11 yr 18%, 14 yr 34% (girls) 11 yr 14%, 14 yr 25% (boys) [85]

OR 1.3 (1.1, 1.7) [88]

OR 1.3 (1.2–1.4) [89]

Negative association:

Younger age: OR 0.2 (0.1, 0.6) [46]

OR 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) [67]

Positive family history

19

15

0

4

OR 3.6 (1.3, 10.2) [11]

OR 2.1 (1.4, 3.1) [35]

OR 2.0 (1.1, 4.0) [36]

OR 2.6 (1.4, 5.9) [38]

OR 2.1 [40]

OR 3.8 (2.9, 5.9) [41]

OR 1.8 (1.4, 2.4) [43]

OR: 1.5 (1.1, 1.9) (c) [48]

OR 1.7 [58]

OR 1.8 (1.5, 2.0) [64]

PR 1.2 (1.2, 1.3) [69]

PR 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) [70]

OR 2.0 (1.2, 3.3) [72]

OR 2.3 (1.2, 4.7) [89]

OR 2.6 (1.9, 3.6) [90]

Socioeconomic factors

15

7

0

8

Higher Socioeconomic index: OR 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) [34]

Higher social class: OR: 0.9 (0.8, 0.9) [55]

Parental low level of education: OR 1.8 (1.1, 2.0) [62]

Ethnicity: (Index white) Asian PR: 1.2 (1.1, 1.4), indigenous PR: 1.4 (1.3, 1.5) [70]

Non-white: PR 1.4 (1.0, 1.9) [71]

Location (index peripheral center) Urban centre: OR 3.1 [73]

Residence: 52% (city), 43% (village) [83]

Increased height or increased growth spurt

12

4

1

7

High growth spurt: OR 3.1 (1.5, 6.0) [4]

linear growth: IRR 1.2 (1.2, 1.2) [18]

Shorter than median height (158 cm): RR 2.1 (1.2, 3.8) [23]

Height: OR 1.2 (1.0–1.5) [31]

Taller: t test − 3.3 [58]

Later pubertal status

6

4

1

1

Positive association

IRR 1.5 (1.2, 2.0) (Tanner stage 2), IRR 2.1 (1.5, 3.0) (Tanner stage 3) IRR 3.3 (2.1, 5.0) (Tanner stage 4/5) [18]

OR 1.6 (1.3, 2.0) (USA), OR 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) (Dutch) [22]

OR 2.0 (girls), OR 1.9 (boys) [63]

Stage 4: OR 2.0 (1.3, 3.5), stage 5: OR 2.1 (1.1, 1.4) [86]

Negative association:

HR 0.6 (0.5, 0.8) (males) [27]

History of back pain

3

3

0

0

BP in adolescence for BP in adulthood: OR 4.3 (3.5, 5.4) [21] History of BP: OR 2.7 (1.1, 7.1) (ever), OR 9.1 (3.0, 27.2) (>  7 days) [33]

History of BP: OR 7.7 (4.7–12.6) (girls) [34]

  1. OR odds ratio, PR prevalence ratio, HR hazard ratio, RR relative risk, IRR incidence rate ratio, LBP low back pain, MBP mid back pain, BP back pain, (c): parameter measure calculated from the provided results within study i.e. percentages converted to odds ratios