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Table 3 Summary of Potential Risk factors

From: Potential risk factors and triggers for back pain in children and young adults. A scoping review, part II: unclear or mixed types of back pain

Potential risk factor

Likely

Weak/no significance

Mixed results/ inconsistent

Limited research

Female sex

X

   

Older age/ advanced pubertal status

X

   

Positive family history of back pain

X

   

Increased growth spurt

X

   

History of back pain

X

   

Smoking

X

   

Insufficient sleep

X

   

Increased screen time

 

X

  

Work

 

X

  

Psychosocial factors

  

X

 

Muscle flexibility

  

X

 

Socioeconomic status

  

X

 

Backpack related factors

  

X

 

Height and weight

  

X

 

Physical activity

  

X

 

Spinal posture

   

X

Sitting position

   

X

Systemic/illness factors

   

X

Muscle endurance

   

X