Table 4 Effect on cardiovascular autonomic outcomes in an RCT on spinal manipulation. Effect estimates were obtained using generalized linear mixed models

RRi (ms)

Estimates

856

0.2

51

4

N = 41

95% CI

820.7 - 892.9

− 32.3 - 32.7

37 - 65.6

− 12.9 - 21.4

p values

<  0.01

0.989

<  0.01

0.626

Log HF-HRV (ms²)

Estimates

3.004

− 0.013

0.051

0.026

N = 41

95% CI

2.863 - 3.144

− 0.118 - 0.092

0.025 - 0.076

− 0.009 - 0.062

p values

<  0.01

0.805

<  0.01

0.152

HF normalized unit

Estimates

67.3

− 0.8

− 1.9

0.7

N = 41

95% CI

63.0 - 71.8

− 5.4 - 3.8

− 3.4 - − 0.3

− 1.0 - 2.4

p values

<  0.01

0.727

0.018

0.420

Log LF-HRV (ms²)

Estimates

2.636

− 0.001

0.089

0.018

N = 41

95% CI

2.518 - 2.753

− 0.095 - 0.093

0.059 - 0.117

− 0.02 - 0.056

p values

<  0.01

0.984

<  0.01

0.360

Log LF/HF

Estimates

− 0.369

0.008

0.038

− 0.011

N = 41

95% CI

− 0.466 - − 0.271

− 0.095 - 0.111

0.006 - 0.07

− 0.048 - 0.027

p values

<  0.01

0.877

0.018

0.580

Log RMSSD (ms)

Estimates

1.666

− 0.005

0.033

0.013

N = 41

95% CI

1.591 - 1.74

− 0.063 - 0.052

0.02 - 0.045

− 0.006 - 0.032

p values

<  0.01

0.857

<  0.01

0.195

Log SDNN (ms)

Estimates

1.703

0.001

0.030

0.010

N = 41

95% CI

1.648 - 1.756

− 0.04 - 0.041

0.021 - 0.038

− 0.004 - 0.024

p values

<  0.01

0.962

<  0.01

0.188

SBP (mmHg)

Estimates

115.6

− 0.9

1.2

− 0.7

N = 30

95% CI

110.2 - 120.9

− 6.4 - 4.5

0.06 - 2.3

− 2.2 - 0.8

p values

<  0.01

0.727

0.038

0.389

DBP (mmHg)

Estimates

56.7

− 0.6

1.07

− 0.9

N = 30

95% CI

53.3 - 60.1

− 3.1 - 1.9

0.3 - 1.8

− 1.7 - 0.03

p values

<  0.01

0.639

<  0.01

0.059

MBP (mmHg)

Estimates

72.7

− 0.8

1.02

− 0.75

N = 30

95% CI

69.2 - 76.1

− 3.7 - 2.1

0.2 - 1.7

− 1.6 - 0.1

p values

<  0.01

0.579

<  0.01

0.101

LF-SBP (mm²Hg)

Estimates

1.557

0.003

0.050

0.050

N = 30

95% CI

1.252 - 1.861

− 0.272 - 0.278

− 0.02 - 0.12

− 0.048 - 0.149

p values

<  0.01

0.981

0.161

0.313