What is the effect of spinal manipulation on the pressure pain threshold in young, asymptomatic subjects? A randomized placebo-controlled trial, with a cross-over design

Table 3 Adjusted differences in pressure pain threshold (PPT) readings in kPa at remote testing site at four different times after the interventions

Time measurements	SPINAL MANIPULATION			SHAM procedure			Differences between groups (95% CI)	P value
Time measurements	Means (SD)	Min-Max values	95% CI	Means (SD)	Min-Max values	95% CI	Differences between groups (95% CI)	P value
Baseline	511 (166)	221–894	462–568	479 (154)	187–831	432–525	32(− 33;97)	0.34
PPT 1	564 (192)	248–1027	517–623	536 (172)	203–916	485–588	27(− 12;66)	0.47
PPT 2	576 (199)	205–1128	529–635	523 (176)	190–950	471–576	53(− 10;96)	0.18
PPT 3	579 (204)	190–1097	533–639	533 (177)	170–910	486–581	38(−48;124)	0.23
PPT 4	573 (203)	207–1195	527–633	524 (160)	197–817	480–570	49(− 53;151)	0.19

SD standard deviation, SE standard error, PPT pressure pain threshold, PPT 1 follow-up time 1 immediately after intervention, PPT2 follow-up time 2 at T + 12 min after intervention, PPT 3 follow-up time 3 at T + 24 min after intervention, PPT 4 follow-up time 4 at T + 36 min after intervention

ISSN: 2045-709X