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Table 2 Risk of bias for scientifically admissible validity studies based on the modified QUADAS-2 criteria

From: Reliability and validity of manual palpation for the assessment of patients with low back pain: a systematic and critical review

Author, Year Consecutive sample Case-control design avoided Avoided inappropriate exclusions Blinded to ref std results Pre-specified threshold Described ref std Appropriate ref std Blinded to index test results Appropriate time interval All patients received ref std All patients received same ref std All patients included in analysis
Adelmanesh et al., 2016 [30] Y Y Y Y N/A Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Hebert et al., 2015 [22] N Y Y Y N/A Y Y Y Y Y Y UC
Koppenhaver et al., 2013 [31] N Y Y Y N/A Y Y Y UC Y Y Y
Soleimanifar et al., 2017 [32] N Y Y N Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y
Walsh et al., 2009 [28] Y Y Y Y N/A Y UC Y UC Y Y Y
Weiner et al., 2006 [29] N N Y N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A UC
  1. N No, N/A Not applicable, ref. std. reference standard, UC Unclear, Y Yes