Skip to main content

Table 2 Angular displacement (degrees) of the head relative to the sternum and VA length change (%) combining data from all donors and clinicians during ipsilateral CSM thrusts

From: Kinematics of the head and associated vertebral artery length changes during high-velocity, low-amplitude cervical spine manipulation

  

Rotation

Lateral flexion

X

Y

Z

Whole

V3

X

Y

Z

Whole

V3

C1

Mean

2.5

8.1

− 11.5

1.1

3.7

− 3.0

4.9

− 4.4

0.9

2.6

 

SD

2.6

2.8

3.8

0.9

4.4

1.7

4.3

7.8

1.5

4.3

 

Minimum

0.2

5.9

− 15.0

0.0

− 0.3

− 5.3

0.4

− 20.0

− 1.1

0.0

 

Maximum

6.5

12.5

− 5.8

2.3

10.0

− 0.9

10.7

0.7

3.2

10.4

C2

Mean

2.1

10.0

− 12.6

1.6

− 0.1

− 5.3

5.6

− 6.4

1.1

2.3

 

SD

4.4

3.5

4.5

1.3

5.3

4.2

3.2

8.9

0.8

3.6

 

Minimum

− 3.8

− 5.0

− 16.1

0.1

− 9.3

− 13.0

1.0

− 19.3

0.2

− 0.3

 

Maximum

7.6

13.9

− 3.7

3.2

7.1

− 1.6

9.8

7.9

2.1

8.9

C3

Mean

− 0.3

7.2

− 11.0

1.9

4.5

− 3.6

4.7

− 4.1

0.7

1.7

 

SD

2.1

2.3

2.6

0.7

5.4

2.2

3.2

3.0

0.5

2.6

 

Minimum

− 1.9

4.4

− 13.7

0.8

0.0

− 7.0

1.1

− 8.9

0.2

0.0

 

Maximum

2.8

10.1

− 7.5

2.4

10.8

− 1.4

9.4

− 0.9

1.3

6.7

C4

Mean

1.5

8.9

− 9.8

1.4

2.8

− 3.9

6.3

− 5.1

0.6

2.1

 

SD

2.6

4.5

3.7

1.0

4.0

3.1

2.5

5.1

1.0

2.6

 

Minimum

− 2.8

2.5

− 14.5

0.2

0.0

− 9.1

2.2

− 10.7

− 0.6

0.0

 

Maximum

5.0

13.2

− 5.6

2.7

8.6

− 1.7

9.1

2.0

2.1

5.6

C5

Mean

1.4

9.6

− 10.7

1.8

2.5

− 3.9

5.7

− 2.1

1.2

2.5

 

SD

4.7

2.7

3.1

1.2

3.1

3.0

3.8

4.2

1.0

2.6

 

Minimum

− 6.1

5.7

− 15.5

− 0.1

0.0

− 7.6

1.3

− 6.0

0.2

0.0

 

Maximum

5.1

12.6

− 7.4

3.1

6.6

− 0.9

12.6

5.5

2.6

6.4

C6

Mean

1.3

8.9

− 8.0

1.0

1.8

− 4.2

4.6

− 5.4

1.3

2.4

 

SD

3.2

3.0

2.6

1.2

3.7

3.2

2.0

6.3

0.7

2.4

 

Minimum

− 3.9

5.0

− 12.0

− 0.4

− 0.4

− 9.4

1.5

− 10.6

0.7

0.0

 

Maximum

5.5

14.1

− 4.6

3.1

11.6

− 1.1

6.5

5.1

2.1

5.8

C7

Mean

− 0.8

8.7

− 9.5

1.3

2.0

− 3.5

5.4

− 3.3

1.2

2.0

 

SD

4.3

2.6

3.0

1.1

2.8

3.5

2.6

4.1

1.0

3.6

 

Minimum

− 6.6

6.0

− 15.3

0.3

− 0.1

− 8.8

2.3

− 7.7

− 0.3

− 1.1

 

Maximum

3.9

12.3

− 7.0

3.3

6.8

0.8

7.9

2.5

2.3

7.1

  1. Ipsilateral manipulations involve contralateral head rotation; positive kinematic values indicate flexion, left lateral flexion and left rotation; positive VA length changes indicate elongation of the vessel
  2. X, coronal axis; Y, sagittal axis; Z, transverse axis; SD, standard deviation; whole, whole VA; V3, V3 segment of VA