Table 1 Coding framework and related core constructs of Normalization Process Theory, modified from Svendsen et al. [23]

How people understand and view the benefits versus disbenefits of selfBACK and decide whether it is appropriate for them to use

Motivation and willingness to commit to self-management activities

Coherence (Sense-making work; enrolling with / embedding selfBACK):

development of an individual and collective understanding of the new intervention when faced with operationalizing it

Willingness to “buy into” selfBACK and whether it is a legitimate means to promote self-management of LBP

Issues relating to the support provided to use of selfBACK and level of engagement of HCPs involved with selfBACK

Cognitive Participation (Relational work; engaging with or integrating selfBACK):

relational work to build and sustain engagement with a new intervention

Ease of use, accessibility and appropriateness of selfBACK

Resources, training, workload and technical support

Perceived quality and trustworthiness of selfBACK content and function

Collective Action (Operational work; utilizing and engaging in use of selfBACK):

investment of effort and resources to enact the new intervention

How people judge the new selfBACK and the self-monitoring work that accompanied uptake of the selfBACK

Ability to match an individual’s needs

Reflexive Monitoring (Appraisal work; maintaining/sustaining engagement with selfBACK):

evaluation of the impact of the new intervention on individuals and groups along with any reconfigurations suggested

Codes falling outside the NPT framework

Inherent personal attributes such as personal physical or cognitive abilities that could promote or inhibit use of selfBACK