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Table 2 Evaluation of Bias

From: Impact of audible pops associated with spinal manipulation on perceived pain: a systematic review

  

Bialosky (2010)

Cleland (2007)

Flynn (2003)

Flynn (2006)

Sillevis (2011)

Reporting

Q1

Hypothesis/aim/objective clearly described

1

1

1

1

1

Q2

Main outcomes in Introduction or Methods

1

1

1

1

1

Q3

Patient characheristics clearly described

1

1

1

1

1

Q4

Interventions of interest clearly described

1

1

1

1

1

Q5

Principal confounders clearly described

2

1

1

1

1

Q6

Main findings clearly described

1

1

1

1

1

Q7

Estimates of random variability provided for main outcomes

1

1

1

1

1

Q8

All adverse events of interventon reported

0

0

0

0

0

Q9

Characteristics of patients lost to follow-up described

0

1

1

1

1

Q10

Probability values reported for main outcomes

1

1

1

1

1

External vailidity

Q11

Subjects asked to participate were representive of source population

1

1

1

1

1

Q12

Subjects prepared to participate were representive of source population

1

1

1

1

1

Q13

Location and delivery of study treatment was representative of source population

UTD

UTD

UTD

UTD

UTD

Internal validity

Q14

Study participants blinded to treatment

0

0

0

0

0

Q15

Blinded outcome assessment

0

0

0

0

0

Q16

Any data dredging clearly described

1

1

1

1

1

Q17

Analyses adjust for differing lenths of follow-up

1

1

1

1

1

Q18

Appropriate statistical tests performed

1

1

1

1

1

Q19

Compliance with interventions was reliable

1

1

1

1

1

Q20

Outcome measures were reliable and valid

1

1

1

1

1

Q21

All participants recruited from the same source population

1

1

1

1

1

Q22

All participants recruited over the same time period

1

1

1

1

1

Q23

Participants randomized to treatment(s)

0

0

0

0

1

Q24

Allocation of treatment concealed from investigators and participants

0

0

0

0

1

Q25

Adequate adjustment for confounding

UTD

UTD

UTD

UTD

UTD

Q26

Losses to follow-up taken into account

1

UTD

UTD

UTD

1

Power

Q27

Sufficient power to detect treatment effect at significance level of 0.05

UTD

UTD

UTD

UTD

1

Total

 

20

18

18

18

22

  1. UTD Unable to determine