Table 3 Baseline information by headache category

n (%)

58 (22.9)

56 (22.1)

139 (54.9)

253 (100.0)

Age, median (p10; p90)

11.0 (8;14)

11.0 (8;13)

11.0 (8;13)

11.0 (8;14)

0.39

Age boys, median (p10; p90)

11.0 (8;14)

12.0 (8;13)

11.0 (8;14)

11.0 (8;14)

0.52

Age girls, median (p10; p90)

11.0 (7;14)

11.0 (8;14)

11.0 (7;13)

11.0 (7;14)

0.51

Sex, n (%)

0.90

Boy

27 (46.6)

25 (44.6)

60 (43.2)

112 (44.3)

Girl

31 (53.4)

31 (55.4)

79 (56.8)

141 (55.7)

Height, median (p10; p90)

152.5 (134;168)

149.5 (138;166)

149.0 (131;170)

150.0 (134;168)

0.39

Weight, median (p10; p90)

45.0 (26.9;64.2)

40.0 (30.5;58.2)

38.5 (26.6;58.9)

39.4 (27.2;59.5)

0.40

Overweight, n (%)

12 (20.7)

9 (16.1)

20 (14.4)

41 (16.2)

0.55

Obese, n (%)

1 (1.7)

1 (1.8)

8 (5.8)

10 (4.0)

0.38

Cervical dysfunction* n (%)

40 (69.0)

41 (73.2)

108 (77.7)

189 (74.7)

0.41

Decreased cervical ROM**, n (%)

45 (77.6)

45 (80.4)

118 (84.9)

208 (82.2)

0.41

Thoracic dysfunction*, n (%)

38 (65.5)

42 (75.0)

110 (79.1)

190 (75.1)

0.13

Lumbar dysfunction*, n (%)

20 (34.5)

29 (51.8)

55 (39.6)

104 (41.1)

0.14

Pelvic dysfunction*, n (%)

21 (36.2)

21 (37.5)

58 (41.7)

100 (39.5)

0.75

TMJ dysfunction*, n (%)

9 (15.5)

11 (19.6)

32 (23.0)

52 (20.6)

0.50

Duration of headache, n (%)

0.06

1/2–1 year

19 (32.8)

8 (14.3)

27 (19.4)

54 (21.3)

1–3 years

29 (50.0)

27 (48.2)

71 (51.1)

127 (50.2)

More than 3 years

10 (17.2)

21 (37.5)

41 (29.5)

72 (28.5)

Typical onset of attack, n (%)

0.07

Morning

3 (5.2)

3 (5.4)

22 (15.8)

28 (11.1)

Late morning

16 (27.6)

7 (12.5)

24 (17.3)

47 (18.6)

Afternoon

12 (20.7)

14 (25.0)

36 (25.9)

62 (24.5)

Evening/night

0 (0.0)

1 (1.8)

4 (2.9)

5 (2.0)

Varies day and night

27 (46.6)

31 (55.4)

53 (38.1)

111 (43.9)

Co-occurring symptoms with headache

Dizziness, n (%)

22 (37.9)

32 (57.1)

76 (54.7)

130 (51.4)

0.07

Stomach pain, n (%)

11 (19.0)

23 (41.1)

46 (33.1)

80 (31.6)

0.03

Visual disorder, n (%)

15 (25.9)

19 (33.9)

31 (22.3)

65 (25.7)

0.25

Spots in front of eyes, n (%)

9 (15.5)

16 (28.6)

27 (19.4)

52 (20.6)

0.21

Numbness arms, n (%)

4 (6.9)

5 (8.9)

8 (5.8)

17 (6.7)

0.66

Other symptoms, n (%)

3 (5.2)

3 (5.4)

15 (10.8)

21 (8.3)

0.36

Trigger factors

Neck pain, n (%)

25 (43.1)

28 (50.0)

64 (46.0)

117 (46.2)

0.75

Back pain, n (%)

14 (24.1)

14 (25.0)

28 (20.1)

56 (22.1)

0.68

Stress, n (%)

18 (31.0)

26 (46.4)

61 (43.9)

105 (41.5)

0.17

Sitting, n (%)

17 (29.3)

22 (39.3)

56 (40.3)

95 (37.5)

0.35

Reading, n (%)

20 (34.5)

26 (46.4)

43 (30.9)

89 (35.2)

0.13

Computer/tv, n (%)

25 (43.1)

31 (55.4)

70 (50.4)

126 (49.8)

0.43

Menstruation, n (%)

3 (5.2)

0 (0.0)

8 (5.8)

11 (4.3)

0.18

Relieving factors

Lying down, n (%)

27 (46.6)

35 (62.5)

78 (56.1)

140 (55.3)

0.23

Sleeping, n (%)

42 (72.4)

48 (85.7)

116 (83.5)

206 (81.4)

0.13

Eating, n (%)

11 (19.0)

17 (30.4)

41 (29.5)

69 (27.3)

0.27

Something to drink, n (%)

30 (51.7)

32 (57.1)

77 (55.4)

139 (54.9)

0.83

Fresh air, n (%)

26 (44.8)

27 (48.2)

67 (48.2)

120 (47.4)

0.91

Sports, n (%)

8 (13.8)

4 (7.1)

22 (15.8)

34 (13.4)

0.27

Medicine, n (%)

40 (69.0)

45 (80.4)

100 (71.9)

185 (73.1)

0.35

Neck pain last year, n (%)

32 (55.2)

30 (53.6)

89 (64.0)

151 (59.7)

0.29

Back pain last year, n (%)

22 (37.9)

28 (50.0)

57 (41.0)

107 (42.3)

0.39

Braces, n (%)

7 (12.1)

5 (8.9)

9 (6.5)

21 (8.3)

0.41

Non-prescriptive medicine, n (%)

0.33

Never

9 (15.5)

4 (7.1)

16 (11.5)

29 (11.5)

1–3 Times per month

36 (62.1)

28 (50.0)

76 (54.7)

140 (55.3)

1–3 Times per week

12 (20.7)

20 (35.7)

42 (30.2)

74 (29.2)

More than 3 times per week

1 (1.7)

4 (7.1)

5 (3.6)

10 (4.0)

Prescriptive medicine, n (%)

0 (0.0)

5 (8.9)

5 (3.6)

10 (4.0)

0.05

Medication other disease, n (%)

6 (10.3)

8 (14.3)

12 (8.6)

26 (10.3)

0.46

Examination general practitioner, n (%)

20 (34.5)

38 (67.9)

80 (57.6)

138 (54.5)

0.00

Examination paediatric, n (%)

5 (8.6)

17 (30.4)

34 (24.5)

56 (22.1)

0.01

Previous treatment, n (%)

13 (22.4)

13 (23.2)

24 (17.3)

50 (19.8)

0.51

General practitioner, n (%)

7 (53.8)

6 (46.2)

5 (20.8)

18 (36.0)

0.09

Paediatrician, n (%)

2 (15.4)

8 (61.5)

8 (33.3)

18 (36.0)

0.06

Physiotherapist, n (%)

5 (38.5)

5 (38.5)

9 (37.5)

19 (38.0)

1.00

Chiropractor, n (%)

6 (46.2)

8 (61.5)

11 (45.8)

25 (50.0)

0.76

Other***, n (%)

8 (61.5)

8 (61.5)

13 (54.2)

29 (58.0)

0.87

Trauma to head/neck without need to see doctor, n (%)

0.74

0 times

23 (39.7)

16 (28.6)

49 (35.3)

88 (34.8)

1–3 times

24 (41.4)

25 (44.6)

61 (43.9)

110 (43.5)

More than 3 times

11 (19.0)

15 (26.8)

29 (20.9)

55 (21.7)

Trauma to head/neck with need to see doctor, n (%)

0.08

0 times

42 (72.4)

33 (58.9)

95 (68.3)

170 (67.2)

1–3 times

13 (22.4)

18 (32.1)

42 (30.2)

73 (28.9)

More than 3 times

3 (5.2)

5 (8.9)

2 (1.4)

10 (4.0)

Concussion, n (%)

9 (15.5)

16 (28.6)

28 (20.1)

53 (20.9)

0.23

Allergies, n (%)

20 (34.5)

21 (37.5)

40 (28.8)

81 (32.0)

0.44

Stomach pain, n (%)

0.50

No

12 (20.7)

6 (10.7)

28 (20.1)

46 (18.2)

1–5 times a year

19 (32.8)

20 (35.7)

41 (29.5)

80 (31.6)

6–12 times a year

11 (19.0)

16 (28.6)

26 (18.7)

53 (20.9)

More than once a month

16 (27.6)

14 (25.0)

44 (31.7)

74 (29.2)

Smoking in the home, n (%)

9 (15.5)

11 (19.6)

22 (15.8)

42 (16.6)

0.76

Number of days with sport per week, n (%)

0.05

0 times

9 (15.5)

6 (10.7)

5 (3.6)

20 (7.9)

1–3 times

39 (67.2)

37 (66.1)

101 (72.7)

177 (70.0)

More than 3 times

10 (17.2)

13 (23.2)

33 (23.7)

56 (22.1)

Screen time per day, n (%)

0.33

0–1 h

7 (12.1)

4 (7.1)

10 (7.2)

21 (8.3)

2–4 h

35 (60.3)

37 (66.1)

102 (73.4)

174 (68.8)

5–6 h

12 (20.7)

8 (14.3)

14 (10.1)

34 (13.4)

More than 6 h

4 (6.9)

7 (12.5)

13 (9.4)

24 (9.5)

Poor sleep, n (%)

6 (10.3)

6 (10.7)

8 (5.8)

20 (7.9)

0.31

Menstruation, (N = 141), n (%)

0.75

No

21 (67.7)

24 (77.4)

62 (78.5)

107 (75.9)

Yes, start 12–14 years of age

5 (16.1)

4 (12.9)

10 (12.7)

19 (13.5)

Yes, start 8–11 years of age

5 (16.1)

3 (9.7)

7 (8.9)

15 (10.6)

Glasses/contact lenses, n (%)

12 (20.7)

7 (12.5)

18 (12.9)

37 (14.6)

0.35