Table 1 Baseline means of demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic variables for nonusers and users of chiropractic
From: A longitudinal study of chiropractic use among older adults in the United States
| Â | Entire Analytic Sample (N = 5,510) | Nonusers (N = 4,704) | Users (N = 806) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic Factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Age | 77.4 (5.76) | 77.6 (5.87) | 76.0 (4.87) | < .0001 |
   Male | 38.1% | 37.8% | 39.7% | 0.319 |
   Race |  |  |  |  |
White | 84.8% | 83.1% | 94.8% | < .0001 |
African American | 10.2% | 11.5% | 2.4% | < .0001 |
Hispanic | 3.9% | 4.2% | 2.7% | .0413 |
Other | 1.1% | 1.2% | 0.2% | < .0064 |
   Marital Status |  |  |  |  |
Married | 50.3% | 48.2% | 62.8% | < .0001 |
Never Married | 3.4% | 3.6% | 2.0% | 0.0192 |
Separated/Divorced | 5.0% | 5.2% | 3.7% | 0.0697 |
Widowed | 41.3% | 43.0% | 31.5% | < .0001 |
Socioeconomic Factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Educational Attainment |  |  |  |  |
Grade School Only | 25.5% | 26.6% | 19.0% | < .0001 |
Some High School | 17.2% | 17.5% | 15.2% | 0.0981 |
High School | 30.4% | 29.5% | 35.6% | 0.0005 |
Some College | 26.9% | 26.4% | 30.2% | 0.0238 |
   Income Distribution |  |  |  |  |
Income - First Quintile | 15.6% | 16.9% | 8.0% | < .0001 |
Income - Second Quintile | 29.9% | 30.9% | 24.0% | < .0001 |
Income - Third Quintile | 13.0% | 13.2% | 12.4% | 0.5572 |
Income - Fourth Quintile | 18.7% | 17.9% | 23.3% | 0.0003 |
Income - Fifth Quintile | 22.7% | 21.0% | 32.2% | < .0001 |
   One or More Health Insurance Policy | 74.9% | 73.5% | 82.5% | < .0001 |
   Working for Pay | 8.8% | 8.4% | 11.3% | 0.0007 |
   Able to Drive a Car | 67.9% | 64.8% | 85.6% | < .0001 |
Geographic Location Measures | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Northeast | 6.1% | 6.4% | 4.5% | 0.0442 |
   New York/New Jersey | 12.7% | 12.7% | 12.7% | 0.9471 |
   Mid-Atlantic | 9.1% | 9.5% | 6.6% | 0.0081 |
   Southeast | 17.2% | 17.5% | 15.2% | 0.1035 |
   North-Central | 20.6% | 19.8% | 25.2% | 0.0005 |
   Mid-West | 4.8% | 4.3% | 8.0% | < .0001 |
   South-West | 10.8% | 11.5% | 7.1% | .0002 |
   Mountain | 3.2% | 3.4% | 2.0% | 0.0354 |
   West | 11.4% | 11.2% | 12.9% | 0.1539 |
   Pacific-Northwest | 3.7% | 3.4% | 5.8% | 0.0009 |
   Rural | 24.8% | 24.3% | 27.5% | 0.0493 |
   Distance to Chiropractic College - Far | 62.6% | 62.7% | 62.4% | 0.8651 |
Disease History and Comorbidity | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   No Comorbid Conditions | 22.7% | 22.0% | 26.4% | 0.0062 |
   One Comorbid Condition | 32.5% | 32.2% | 34.1% | 0.3026 |
   Two Comorbid Conditions | 25.1% | 25.5% | 22.6% | 0.0801 |
   Three or More Comorbid Conditions | 19.7% | 20.3% | 16.9% | 0.029 |
   Arthritis Ever | 24.7% | 24.5% | 25.8% | 0.4134 |
   Cancer Ever | 12.9% | 13.0% | 12.4% | 0.6119 |
   Heart Condition Ever | 28.9% | 29.6% | 25.0% | 0.0086 |
   Diabetes Now | 12.4% | 12.8% | 10.3% | 0.0466 |
   Lung Disease Ever | 9.4% | 9.9% | 6.3% | 0.0009 |
   Psych Problems Ever | 7.0% | 6.9% | 7.4% | 0.6301 |
   Hip Fracture Ever | 4.8% | 5.2% | 2.8% | 0.0031 |
   Hypertension Ever | 45.5% | 46.4% | 40.6% | 0.0021 |
Functional Status | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Bothered by Pain Often | 32.7% | 32.3% | 34.9% | 0.1379 |
   Difficulty Picking Up a Dime | 8.1% | 8.5% | 6.1% | 0.0205 |
   Difficulty Lifting 10 Pounds | 32.7% | 34.4% | 22.8% | < .0001 |
   Difficulty Pushing/Pulling Large Object | 33.8% | 35.2% | 25.5% | < .0001 |
   Difficulty Climbing Flight of Stairs | 27.9% | 29.6% | 18.5% | < .0001 |
   Difficulty Walking Several Blocks | 37.4% | 39.2% | 26.8% | < .0001 |
   Number of ADLs with Difficulty | 0.34(0.84) | 0.38(0.88) | 0.17(0.56) | < .0001 |
   Number of IADLs with Difficulty | 0.40(0.93) | 0.45(0.97) | 0.14(0.51) | < .0001 |
   Depressive Symptoms - None | 37.8% | 36.4% | 45.9% | < .0001 |
   Depressive Symptoms - One to Two | 35.7% | 35.4% | 37.1% | 0.3518 |
   Depressive Symptoms - Three or More | 26.5% | 28.1% | 16.9% | < .0001 |
   TICS 7 Score - Zero to Ten | 28.4% | 30.2% | 17.7% | < .0001 |
   TICS 7 Score - Eleven to Thirteen | 31.7% | 31.3% | 34.7% | 0.056 |
   TICS 7 Score - Fourteen to Fifteen | 39.9% | 38.5% | 47.7% | < .0001 |
Health Lifestyles | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Never Smoked | 47.9% | 47.7% | 49.5% | 0.3481 |
   Ever Drink Alcohol | 46.6% | 45.0% | 55.7% | < .0001 |
   Obese Weight (BMI ≥ 30) | 13.6% | 13.9% | 12.2% | 0.1922 |
   Over Weight (25 ≤ BMI < 30) | 36.5% | 35.3% | 43.3% | < .0001 |
   Normal Weight | 46.1% | 46.6% | 43.2% | 0.076 |
   Under Weight (BMI < 18.5) | 3.8% | 4.2% | 1.2% | < .0001 |
Self-Rated Health | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Excellent | 10.4% | 9.8% | 13.5% | 0.0017 |
   Very Good | 23.3% | 21.9% | 31.7% | < .0001 |
   Good | 30.8% | 30.9% | 30.2% | 0.691 |
   Fair | 23.1% | 24.0% | 18.3% | 0.0003 |
   Poor | 12.3% | 13.4% | 6.2% | < .0001 |
Utilization of Health Services in Prior 12 months | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Number of Hospitalizations | 22.8% | 23.8% | 17.1% | < .0001 |
   Number of Physician Visits - One or Less | 24.4% | 24.8% | 22.4% | 0.1411 |
   Number of Physician Visits - Two to Three | 27.7% | 27.3% | 29.6% | 0.1731 |
   Number of Physician Visits - Four to Six | 27.8% | 27.6% | 28.9% | 0.4648 |
   Number of Physician Visits - Seven or More | 20.1% | 20.3% | 19.1% | 0.4471 |
   Supply of Physicians per 1000 - County level | 2.18(1.74) | 2.23(1.8) | 1.91(1.36) | < .0001 |