Table 2 Motion parameters recorded during voluntary lumbar frontal and horizontal plane motion

Frontal plane:

ROM lateral flexion (°)

48.4 (9.7)

19.9

73.4

48.5 (7.8)

20.5

81.2

0.838

Lateral flexion mean velocity (°/sec)

15.2 (6)

4.9

36.9

15.9 (6.1)

4.5

36.1

0.043

Phase-plot Area lateral flexion(°/(°/sec))

3179 (1477)

509

7964

3333 (1458)

493

7532

0.045

Jerk index lateral flexion

11.3 (5.2)

3.6

36.3

10.8 (5.3)

3

34.9

0.052

Horizontal plane:

ROM rotation (°)

35.6 (11.6)

5.9

62.6

38.3 (10.6)

5.1

63.8

0.0009

Rotation mean velocity (°/sec)

11.7 (5.3)

1.6

28.7

13.3 (5.8)

1.2

35.2

<0.0001

Phase-plot Area rotation(°/(°/sec))

1826 (1083)

57

5254

2106 (1182)

40

6042

0.0002

Jerk index rotation

11.99 (4.53)

4.9

29.8

11.56 (4.77)

3.8

43.2

0.1358