Table 2 Mean STarT Back scores and descriptive characteristics by domain

STarT Back total score-mean (SD)

n = 496

STarT Back-5 psychological distress subscore-mean (SD)

n = 506

Referred pain to leg (Y)-n (%)

n = 539

Shoulder or neck pain (Y)-n (%)

n = 544

Physical Function: Only walked short distances (Y)-n (%)

n = 537

Physical Function: Dressed more slowly (Y)-n (%)

n = 537

Fear-avoidance: Not safe to be active (Y)-n (%)

n = 532

Anxiety: Worrying thoughts (Y)-n (%)

n = 536

Catastrophizing: Back pain is terrible and never going to get better (Y)-n (%)

n = 537

Depression: Not enjoying things I used to (Y)-n (%)

n = 531

Bothersomeness (very much to extremely)-n (%)

n = 538