Table 1 Examples of existing definitions of manipulation
From: Why is the prevailing model of joint manipulation (still) incorrect?
Source | Details | Definition |
|---|---|---|
Sandoz [5] | Expert opinion, Switzerland | “A passive, manual manoeuvre during which an articular element is suddenly carried beyond the usual, physiological limit of movement without however exceeding the boundaries of anatomical integrity. The usual but not obligate characteristic of an adjustment is the thrust which is a brief, sudden and carefully dosed impulsion delivered at the end of the normal passive range of movement and which is usually accompanied by a cracking noise.” |
Nyberg [6] | Expert opinion, USA | “Thrust manipulation is the use of high velocity, low amplitude motion delivered at the end of the restricted physiologic limit of a joint’s range of motion.” |
Gatterman and Hansen [7] | Consensus of chiropractors, international | “A manual procedure that involves a directed thrust to move a joint past the physiological range of motion, without exceeding the anatomical limit” |
International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Therapy [8] | Professional organisation, international | “A passive, high velocity, low amplitude thrust applied to a joint complex within its anatomical limit* with the intent to restore optimal motion, function, and/or to reduce pain *anatomical limit: Active and passive motion occurs within the range of motion of the joint complex and not beyond the joint’s anatomic limit.” |
Government of Ontario [3] | Primary legislation, Canada | “Moving the joints of the spine beyond a person’s usual physiological range of motion using a fast low-amplitude thrust.” |