Table 2 Predictions made by Sandoz’s model of joint manipulation compared to the corrected model
From: Why is the prevailing model of joint manipulation (still) incorrect?
Prediction during ‘thrust phase’ of manipulation | Sandoz model (Sandoz 1976) [5] | Corrected model (Evans and Breen 2006) [24] |
|---|---|---|
Joint configuration | Joint is in end-range configuration | Joint is in (or close to) neutral configuration |
Line of action of force applied | Parallel to articular surface | Perpendicular to articular surface |
Joint motion | Articular surfaces will slide | Articular surfaces will separate (gap) |
Articular surface separation (gapping) | Not incorporated in model at all | Maximal availability around neutral configuration, minimal at end-range configuration |
Anatomical restraining (capsular-ligamentous) tissues | On maximal tension | On minimal tension |
Source of first resistance | Joint capsule and ligamentous tissues | Synovial fluid |
Occurrence of cavitation | Beyond end range of physiological range of motion | Within physiological range of motion |