Table 1 Characteristics of cross-sectional studies estimating the self-reported prevalence of physical activity promotion in clinical practice among chiropractors

Adams (2017)

Australia

Registered chiropractors throughout Australia

Convenience Sampling

43

2005 out of 4684

Electronic and postal mail

Mean of the sample was 42 years (SD = 12.1)

62

High

Boline (1990)

USA

Licensed chiropractors in the State of Iowa were surveyed

Convenience Sampling

51

374 out of 738

Postal mail

Not specifically reported, other than more than half of the sample were younger than 40 years. Mean and SD not reported

88

High

Fikar (2015)

UK

Chiropractors who were members of four participating UK chiropractic associations were surveyed

Convenience Sampling

21

509 out of 2448

Electronically

Not reported

55

High

Hawk (1995)

USA

USA chiropractors listed in the National Directory of Chiropractic 1993–94 edition

Random sample

65.3

492 out of 753

Postal mail

25–34 years: 18%; 35–44 years: 22%; 45–54 years: 48%; 55–64 years: 17%; over 65 years: 8%. Mean and SD not reported

81

Moderate

Hawk (2001)

USA

Chiropractors were licensed, in practice and part of a practice-based research program

Convenience Sampling

Not reported

155. Total source population not reported

Electronically and postal mail methods were not specified

Not reported

83

High

Hawk (2004)

USA

Chiropractors, from the state licensing boards list

Random sample

25

496 out of 2000

Postal mail

25–34 years: 22%; 35–44 years: 34%; 45–54 years: 30%; > 55 years: 12%. Mean and SD not reported

80

High

Hawk (2011)

USA

Chiropractic currently in practice, and were members of the Integrated Chiropractic Outcomes Network Nationally

Convenience Sampling

Not reported

38. Total source population not reported

Electronically and postal mail methods were not specified

Not reported

74

High

Himelfarb (2020)

USA

USA practicing chiropractors

Representative sample

24

1975 out of 8242

Electronically

 < 30 years: 5%; 30–59 yeas: 65%; over 60 years: 30%. Mean and SD not reported

68

High

Ivie (2011)

USA

Current Alabama State Chiropractic Association members

Convenience Sampling

53

105 out of 197

Electronically

 < 30 years: 8%; 30–39 years: 32%; 40–49 years: 26%; > 50 years: 34%. Mean and SD not reported

82

Moderate

Jamison (2002)

Australia

Member directory of the Chiropractic Association of Australia

Random sample

35

138 out of 400

Postal mail

 < 25 years: 2%; 25–40 years: 58%; 41–60 years: 32%; > 60 years: 7%. Mean and SD not reported

80

High

Leach M (2021)

Sweden

Licensed chiropractors of the Swedish Chiropractic Association

Convenience Sampling

33

56 out of 172

Electronically

20–29 years: 5%; 30–39 years: 30%; 40–49 years: 29%; 50–59 years: 23%; > 60 years: 13%. Mean and SD not reported

57

Moderate

Leach R (2011)

USA

Mississippi Chiropractic Association members

Convenience Sampling

43

68 out of 157

Surveys were 1) administered and completed by Mississippi chiropractors present at the association meeting and 2) sent electronically and by postal mail to members who were not present at the meeting

22–33 years: 13%; 34–45 years: 37%; 46–57 years: 25%; 58–69 years: 21%; 70–81 years: 3%. Mean and SD not reported

85

High

McDonald (2004)

USA/Canada/Mexico

Dynamic Chiropractic National list of USA, Canadian and Mexican chiropractors

Random sample

63

687 out of 1086

Postal mail

 ≤ 39 years: 32%; 40–59 years: 61%; ≥ 60 years: 8%. Mean and SD not reported

66

Moderate

Rupert (2000)

USA

National Directory of licensed Chiropractors

Random sample

44

658 out of 1500

Postal mail

25–34 years: 30%; 35–44 years: 46%; 45–54 years: 13%; > 55 years: 11%. Mean of the sample: 44 years (no SD reported)

83

High

Sawyer (1990)

USA

Chiropractors in the State of Iowa were surveyed

Convenience Sampling

50

371 out of 738

Postal mail

 ≤ 40 years: 54%; 41–55 years: 26%; > 55 years: 20%. Mean of the sample was 43 years (no SD reported)

89

High