Table 5 Results from studies assessing validity

Croy et al. [44]

Anterior drawer test^a

74 (58, 86)

38 (24, 56)

1.21 (0.86, 1.70)

0.66 (0.32, 1.36)

57.8 (49.3, 65.4)

57.1 (39.4, 73.2)

57.6 (44.8, 69.7)

Anterior drawer test^b

83 (64, 93)

40 (27, 56)

1.40 (1.03, 1.90)

0.41 (0.16, 1.08)

36.4 (24.9, 49.1)

44.4 (37.1, 52.1)

56.1 (43.3, 68.3)

Anterior drawer test^c

26 (14, 42)

67 (50, 81)

0.79 (0.37, 1.74)

1.09 (0.80, 1.49)

47.4 (29.6, 65.8)

44.7 (37.2, 52.5)

45.5 (33.1, 58.2)

Anterior drawer test^c

33 (18, 53)

73 (59, 85)

1.27 (0.59, 2.72)

0.90 (0.64, 1.26)

36.4 (24.8, 49.1)

66.0 (58.1, 73.0)

59.1 (46.3, 71.1)

de César et al. [45]

Ankle external rotation test

20

84.8

1.32

0.94

Squeeze test

30

93.5

4.62

0.75

Both tests with physical exam

40

84.8

2.63

0.71

De Simoni et al. [49]

Tenderness on palpation:

Anterior talo-fibular ligament

100 (88, 100)

100

Calcaneo-fibular ligament

68 (46, 85)

40 (5, 85)

1.13 (0.53, 2.43)

0.80 (0.24, 2.70)

85.0 (72.5, 92.4)

20.0 (6.9, 45.8)

63.3 (43.9, 80.1)

George et al. [48]

Anterior drawer test

59 (36, 79)

100 (78, 100)

0.77

0.44

100

59.1 (46.6, 70.5)

74.3 (56.7, 87.5)

Talar tilt test

54 (23, 83)

100 (85, 100)

1.00

0.45

100

82.8 (71.5, 90.2)

85.7 (69.7, 95.2)

Gomes et al. [16]

Anterior drawer test

50

100

*

0.5

100

56.3

69.6

Anterolateral talar palpation

100

77.8

4.5

0

87.5

100

91.3

Großterlinden et al. [50]

Tenderness on palpation:

Anterior inferior tibiofibular

41.7

52.5

0.88

1.11

34.1

59.6

Proximal fibula

7.7

93.9

1.26

0.98

16.7

86.7

Deltoid ligament

33.3

69.5

1.09

0.96

38.7

63.1

Anterior talo-fibular ligament

77.8

27.1

1.07

0.82

38.9

66.7

Calcaneo-fibular ligament

61.1

47.5

1.16

0.82

41.5

67.4

Syndesmosis Squeeze test

44.4

55.9

1.01

0.99

37.2

62.3

External rotation test

55.6

47.5

1.06

0.93

38.5

63.6

Drawer test

44.4

67.8

1.38

0.82

44.4

66.7

Cotton test

30.6

67.8

0.95

1.02

35.5

61.5

Crossed-leg test

13.9

83.1

0.82

1.04

33.3

61.3

Hosseinian et al. [53]

Anterior drawer test (anterior talofibular ligament)^e

81

80

4.05

0.24

97

30.8

Anterior drawer test (anterior talofibular ligament)^f

85

63

2.30

0.24

89

54

Anterior drawer test (anterior talofibular ligament)^g

42

94

7.00

0.62

88

59

Inversion stress test (anterior talofibular ligament)^e

30

40

0.50

1.75

84

4

Inversion stress test (anterior talofibular ligament)^f

46

68

1.44

0.79

84

25

Inversion stress test (anterior talofibular ligament)^g

67

54

1.46

0.61

62

60

Inversion stress test (posterior talofibular ligament)^e

50

58

1.19

0.86

17

87

Inversion stress test (posterior talofibular ligament)^f

100

58

2.38

0

2

100

Inversion stress test (calcaneofibular ligament)^e

50

86

3.57

0.58

93

30

Inversion stress test (calcaneofibular ligament)^f

65

75

2.60

0.47

73

66

Inversion stress test (calcaneofibular ligament)^g

63

80

3.15

0.46

95

26

Eversion stress test (deltoid ligament)^e

70

98

35.00

0.31

75

63

Eversion stress test (deltoid ligament)^f

17

97

5.67

0.86

25

95

Squeeze test (syndesmosis)^e

25

99

25.00

0.76

87

79

Squeeze test (syndesmosis)^f

33

95

6.60

0.71

94

37

External rotation stress test (syndesmosis)^e

22

97

7.33

0.80

75

78

External rotation stress test (syndesmosis)^f

33

95

6.6

0.71

37

94

Li et al. [52]

Anterior Drawer test

53^h, 39.5ⁱ

100^h, 100ⁱ

*

0.95^h, 0.61ⁱ

50^h, 68.1ⁱ

Anterolateral drawer test

44.7^h, 50ⁱ

100^h, 97.1ⁱ

*^h, 17.2ⁱ

0.55^h, 0.51ⁱ

70.8^h, 72.2ⁱ

Reverse anterior drawer test

86.8^h, 92.1ⁱ

91.2^h, 88.2ⁱ

9.9^h, 7.8ⁱ

0.14^h, 0.09ⁱ

88.9^h, 90.3ⁱ

Phisitkul et al. [46]

Anterolateral drawer

100

100

*

0

Anterior drawer test

75

50

1.5

0.5

Rosen et al. [18]

Manual talar tilt test

49 (34, 64)

82 (69, 90)

2.65 (1.35, 5.20)

0.63 (0.45, 0.88)

Sman et al. [47]

Dorsiflexion-external rotation test

71 (55, 83)

63 (49, 75)

1.93 (1.28, 2.94)

0.46 (0.27, 0.79)

60.0 (49.6, 69.5)

73.8 (62.1, 82.9)

66.7 (55.7, 76.4)

Dorsiflexion lunge with compression

69 (53, 82)

41 (28, 56)

1.18 (0.86, 1.64)

0.74 (0.41, 1.35)

48.1 (40.1, 56.2)

63.3 (48.6, 75.9)

53.7 (42.3, 64.7)

Squeeze test

26 (15, 42)

88 (76, 94)

2.15 (0.86, 5.39)

0.84 (0.68, 1.04)

62.5 (39.9, 80.7)

60.6 (55.3, 65.6)

60.9 (49.9, 71.2)

Syndesmosis ligament palpation

92 (79, 97)

29 (18, 42)

1.29 (1.06, 1.58)

0.28 (0.09, 0.89)

50.0 (45.0, 55.0)

82.3 (59.1, 93.8)

56.3 (45.3, 66.9)

Van Dijk et al. [54]

Anterior drawer test

80 (72, 87)

68 (50, 82)

2.48 (1.54, 3.98)

0.29 (0.19, 0.45)

88.7 (83.0, 92.6)

52.1 (41.4, 62.5)

77.3 (69.8, 83.6)

Tenderness on palpation

Anterior talo-fibular ligament

100 (97, 100)

32 (18, 49)

1.46 (1.18, 1.81)

0

82.4 (79.1, 85.4)

100

83.8 (77.1, 89.1)

Calcaneo-fibular ligament

49 (40, 58),

76 (60, 89)

2.08 (1.14, 3.78)

0.67 (0.52, 0.85)

87.0 (78.6, 92.4)

32.0 (26.7, 37.5)

55.6 (47.6, 63.5)

Syndesmosis

43 (35, 53)

89 (75, 97)

4.13 (1.60, 10.66)

0.63 (0.52, 0.76)

93.0 (83.7, 97.2)

33.0 (28.9, 37.3)

54.4 (46.3, 62.3)

Medial

52 (43, 62)

58 (41, 74)

1.25 (0.83, 1.88)

0.82 (0.59, 1.14)

80.0 (72.7, 85.8)

27.5 (21.4, 34.5)

53.8 (45.7, 61.7)

Talocrural joint

23 (16, 31)

97 (86, 1.00)

8.72 (1.23, 61.99)

0.79 (0.71, 0.88)

96.6 (79.8, 99.5)

28.2 (26.1, 30.5)

40.6 (32.9, 48.7)

Peroneal tendon

26 (19, 35)

92 (79, 98)

3.32 (1.08, 10.24)

0.80 (0.70, 0.92)

91.4 (77.6, 97.1)

28.0 (25.3, 30.9)

41.9 (34.1, 49.9)

Lateral malleolus

16 (10, 23)

95 (82, 99)

2.96 (0.72, 12.13)

0.89 (0.80, 0.99)

90.5 (69.9, 97.5)

25.9 (23.9, 28.0)

34.4 (27.1, 42.3)

Diffusely lateral

3 (1, 8)

100 (91, 100)

*

0.97 (0.94, 1.00)

100

24.4 (23.8, 25.0)

26.3 (19.6, 33.8)

Supination line

3 (1, 8)

71 (54, 85)

0.11 (0.04, 0.34)

1.36 (1.11, 1.67)

26.7 (10.9, 51.8)

18.6 (15.7, 21.9)

19.4 (13.6, 26.4)

Vaseenon et al. [51]

Anterolateral drawer test

100

66.67

3

0

Anterior drawer test

100

66.67

3

0