Table 1 Examples of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) [5, 76]

Direct child abuse or maltreatment

Physical Abuse/Assault

Verbal Abuse

Emotional Abuse

Sexual Abuse/Assault/Rape

Neglect

Exposure to Household Dysfunction

Domestic Violence

Household Mental Illness/Suicide

Household Substance Abuse

Parental Loss/Divorce

Household Member Incarceration

Other Adverse Childhood Experiences*

Bullying/Peer Rejection

School Violence

War/Terrorism/Civil Unrest

Racism/Discrimination

Poverty/Food Scarcity

Natural Disasters/Displacement/Traumatic Loss

Childhood Illness/Medical Trauma