Table 1 Overall summary of studies reporting on the force-time characteristics of spinal manipulation (SM) (n = 66)
From: Spinal manipulation characteristics: a scoping literature review of force-time characteristics
n (%) | n (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Year, n = 66 | Who received SM, n = 66 | |||
2013 to 2022 | 30 (45.5) | Adult (18 to 65y) | 27 (40.9) | |
2003 to 2012 | 18 (27.3) | Geriatric (> 65y) | 1 (1.5) | |
1993 to 2002 | 18 (27.3) | Cadaver | 2 (3.0) | |
Country, n = 66 | Instrumented tool/force plate | 7 (11.0) | ||
Australia | 2 (3.0) | Mannikin | 16 (24.2) | |
Belgium | 2 (3.0) | Mixed | 2 (3.0) | |
Canada | 28 (42.4) | Unclear | 11 (16.7) | |
China | 1 (1.5) | Number of individuals receiving SM, n = 66 | ||
England | 3 (4.5) | 1 or 2 | 28 (42.4) | |
France | 4 (6.1) | 1 to 49 | 59 (89.4) | |
Italy | 2 (3.0) | 50 to 99 | 5 (7.6) | |
Korea | 1 (1.5) | 100 to 149 | 1 (1.5) | |
Spain | 1 (1.5) | Not reported | 1 (1.5) | |
Unclear | 1 (1.5) | Region SM delivered to, n = 66* | ||
USA | 23 (34.8) | Cervical | 12 (18.2) | |
Study type, n = 66 | Thoracic | 40 (60.6) | ||
Cross-sectional | 54 (81.8) | Lumbopelvic | 19 (28.8) | |
Prospective | 9 (13.6) | Not specified | 6 (9.1) | |
Both | 1 (1.5) | Technique reported, n = 66 | ||
Unclear | 2 (3.0) | Yes | 63 (95.5) | |
Individual who delivered SM, n = 66 | No | 3 (4.5) | ||
Practitioner | 43 (65.2) | Measurement interface, n = 66 | ||
Student | 11 (16.7) | Clinician-patient | 23 (34.8) | |
Both | 11 (16.7) | Patient-table | 21 (31.8) | |
Unclear | 1 (1.5) | Both | 6 (9.1) | |
Profession, n = 66 | Other/not reported | 16 (24.2) | ||
Chiropractor | 57 (86.4) | Metrological data reported, n = 66 | ||
Medical Doctor | 1 (1.5) | Reported | 13 (19.7) | |
Physiotherapist | 4 (6.1) | Not reported | 53 (80.3) | |
Other/not reported | 4 (6.1) | Preload force, n = 66 | ||
Experience (clinician) n = 55 | Reported | 42 (63.6) | ||
> 5yr | 26 (47.3) | Not reported | 24 (36.4) | |
Mixed | 11 (20.0) | Peak force, n = 66 | ||
Unclear | 18 (32.7) | Reported | 57 (86.4) | |
Hours of training (student) n = 23 | Not reported | 9 (13.6) | ||
Reported | 3 (13.0) | Rate of force application, n = 66 | ||
Not reported | 20 (87.0) | Reported | 34 (51.5) | |
Number of individuals delivering SM, n = 66 | Not reported | 32 (48.5) | ||
1 or 2 | 27 (40.9) | Time to peak, n = 66 | ||
1 to 49 | 50 (75.8) | Reported | 36 (54.5) | |
50 to 99 | 7 (10.6) | Not reported | 30 (45.5) | |
100 to 149 | 7 (10.6) | Thrust duration, n = 66 | ||
Not reported | 2 (3.0) | Reported | 21 (31.8) | |
Not reported | 45 (68.2) | |||