Table 2 Summary of studies reporting on the force-time characteristics of spinal manipulation (SM) delivered to the cervical spine of humans (n = 9) and inanimate objects (e.g. human analogue manikins, instrumented tools) (n = 3)
From: Spinal manipulation characteristics: a scoping literature review of force-time characteristics
Author/s Year, Country | SM delivery Profession (n) | Experience | Recipient/s (n) | Location/s | Technique/s | Interface/s | Measurement equipment | Metrological data |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Humans | ||||||||
Kawchuk et al. 1992, Canada40 | Clin Chiro (2) | > 5y | NR (2) | C1/C2 | Toggle | Clin-pat | Force pad | No |
Herzog et al. 1993, Canada35 | Clin Chiro (60) | NR | NR (58) | Cervical | Lateral-medial | Clin-pat | Force pad | No |
Kawchuk et al. 1993, Canada41 | Clin Chiro (5) | NR | NR (NR) | NR | Lateral break/ Gonstead/Toggle/Rotation | Clin-pat | Force pad | No |
Van Zoest et al. 2003, England65 | Clin Chiro (2) | > 5y | Adult (10) | Mid cervical | Diversified | Clin-pat | Force sensor | Yes |
Symons et al. 2012, Canada57 | Clin Chiro (2) | > 5y | Mixed (33) Living: 28 Cadavers: 5 | Living: MP Cadavers: C2-3/ C4-5 | Diversified | Clin-pat | Pressure pad | No |
Anderst et al. 2018, USA4 | Clin Chiro (1) | > 5y | Adult (5) | C3/C4/C5 | Pillar push | Clin-pat | Pressure pad | No |
Gorrell et al. 2020, Canada29 | Clin Chiro (1) | > 5y | Adult (27) | C1/C2/C6/ C7 | Diversified | Clin-pat | Pressure pad | No |
Duquette et al. 2021, Canada23 | Stud Chiro (76) | NR (4th y) | Mixed ages (76) | NR | Lateral index/ pillar push | Pat-table | Force plate | No |
Chang et al. 2022, China10 | Clin MD (1) | > 5y | Adult (34) | C5 | Seated resisted rotation | Clin-pat | Mechanical measurement system | No |
Inanimate objects | ||||||||
Graham et al. 2010, Australia30 | Clin & Stud Chiro (13) | Clin: >5y Stud: NR (5th y) | Load cell (1) | NR | Toggle-recoil | Clin-tool | Load cell | No |
Triano et al. 2017, Canada64 | Clin Chiro (1) | > 5y | Manikin (1) | Cervical | Supine rotational | Clin-man & Man-table | Load cell & Force plate | Yes |
Duquette et al. 2021, Canada23 | Stud Chiro (76) | NR (4th y) | Manikin (1) | NR | Lateral index/ pillar push | Man-table | Force plate | No |