Table 3 Summary of force-time characteristics reported by region for studies reporting on spinal manipulation (SM) (n = 66)
From: Spinal manipulation characteristics: a scoping literature review of force-time characteristics
Location of measurement n (%) | Metrologic data reported n (%) | Preload force reported range (N) | Peak force reported range (N) | Rate of force application reported range (N/s) | Time to peak reported range (ms) | Thrust duration reported range (ms) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cervical spine (n = 12) | |||||||
Humans (n = 9) | Clinician-patient: 8 (88.9) | 1 (11.1) | 0-162 | 41–407 | 440–1787 | 30–195 | 90–130 |
Patient-table: 1 (11.1) | 0 | 10–13 | 47–49 | NR | NR | NR | |
Inanimate objects (n = 3) | Clinician-tool: 1 (33.3) | 0 | 0–5 | 18–246 | NR | 20–100 | NR |
Man-table: 1 (33.3) | 0 | 19–23 | 123–126 | NR | NR | NR | |
Both: 1 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) | NR | 20–112 | NR | NR | NR | |
Thoracic spine (n = 40) | |||||||
Humans (n = 27) | Clinician-patient: 11 (40.7) | 1 (3.7) | 0-254 | 212–573 | 416–7000 | 108–541 | 318–1330 |
Patient-table: 9 (33.3) | 5 (18.5) | 41–671 | 290–878 | 1769–8700 | 91–280 | 120–310 | |
Both: 4 (14.8) Clinician-patient Patient-table | 3 (11.1) | 260–273 217–310 | 470–1213 463–1044 | 1645–3109 1639–15,592* | 165–181 96–170 | NR NR | |
Clinician-ground: 2 (7.4) | 0 | 338–399 | 564–658 | NR | NR | NR | |
Accelerometers: 1 (3.7) | 0 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 61 | |
Inanimate objects (n = 13) | Man-table: 5 (38.5) | 3 (23.1) | 137–172 | 337–536 | 2381–3490 | 109–137 | 87–198 |
Within man: 1 (7.7) | 0 | 105–133 | 287–304 | 1473–2495 | 82–132 | NR | |
Within man & clinician-ground: 4 (30.8) | 0 | 31–177 | 404–660 | 2557–4487 | 101–266 | NR | |
Clinician-man & man-table: 1 (7.7) | 1 (7.7) | NR | 17–393 | NR | NR | NR | |
NR: 2 (15.4) | 0 | 13–254 | 212–563 | 416–3780 | 109–541 | 318–1330 | |
Lumbopelvic spine (n = 19) | |||||||
Humans (n = 12) | Clinician-patient: 5 (41.7) | 1 (8.3) | 20–190 | 106–550 | 202–1621 | 164–938 | 200–2876 |
Patient-table: 4 (33.3) | 0 | NR | 128–516 | 630–3813 | NR | 320–440 | |
Both: 1 (8.3) | 0 | NR | 242–940 | NR | 243 | NR | |
Clinician-patient & clinician-ground: 1 (8.3) | 0 | 106 | 328 | 1078 | 261 | 770 | |
Accelerometers: 1 (8.3) | 0 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 139 | |
Inanimate objects (n = 7) | Clinician-man/tool: 3 (42.9) | 0 | 94.4 | 433 | 2692 | 154 | 41–574 |
Man-table: 2 (28.6) | 0 | 95–163 | 324–714 | 2450–4640 | 142–176 | NR | |
Both: 1 (14.3) | 1 (14.3) | NR | 18–387 | NR | NR | NR | |
Clinician-man & clinician-man 1 (14.3) | 0 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 371–441 | |
No region reported (n = 6) | |||||||
Inanimate objects (n = 6) | Clinician-tool: 6 (100.0) | 0 | 9–77 | 46–387 | 551–1692§ | 12–251 | 36–98 |