Table 4 Summary of studies reporting on the force-time characteristics of spinal manipulation (SM) delivered to the thoracic spine of humans (n = 27)
From: Spinal manipulation characteristics: a scoping literature review of force-time characteristics
Author/s Year, Country | SM delivery Profession (n) | Experience | Recipient/s (n) | Location/s | Technique/s | Interface/s | Measurement equipment | Metrological data |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Humans | ||||||||
Brennan et al. 1991, USA6 | Clin Chiro (NR) | NR | Adult (80) | T1-6 | PA | Pat-table | Force plate | No |
Brennan et al. 1992, USA7 | Clin Chiro (NR) | NR | Adult (6) | T2-6 | HVLA | Pat-table | Force plate | No |
Conway et al. 1993, Canada14 | Clin Chiro (1) | NR | NR (10) | T4 | UL hypothenar | Clin-pat | Pressure pad | No |
Herzog et al. 1993, Canada35 | Clin Chiro (60) | NR | NR (58) | T4 | PA hypothenar | Clin-pat | Force pad | No |
Gal et al. 1994, Canada27 | Clin Chiro (1) | NR | Cadaver (2) | T11 | Hypothenar | Clin-pat | Pressure pad | No |
Cohen et al. 1995, USA11 | Clin & Stud Chiro (30) | Clin: Mixed Stud: NR | NR (15) | T3-T10 | BL transverse thenar | Pat-table | Force platform | No |
Herzog et al. 1995, Canada36 | Clin Chiro (1) | NR | Adult (2) | T3/T7/T9 | PA hypothenar | Clin-pat | Force pad | No |
Gal et al. 1997, Canada28 | Clin Chiro (1) | NR | Cadaver (2) | T10-12 | PA hypothenar | Clin-pat | Pressure pad | No |
Kirstukas & Backman 1999, USA43 | Clin Chiro (2) | > 5y | Adult (7) | T6-T9 | UL thoracic | Clin-pat & Pat-table | Pressure sensor & Load cells | Yes |
Herzog et al. 2001, Canada37 | Clin Chiro (1) | < 5y | Adult (20) | T3-10 | PA hypothenar | Clin-pat | Force pad | No |
Van Zoest et al. 2003, England65 | Clin Chiro (2) | > 5y | Adult (10) | T1-2/T4-5/ T8-9 | Diversified | Clin-pat | Piezoelectric force sensor | Yes |
Forand et al. 2004, Canada25 | Clin Chiro (28) | Mixed | NR (9) | T4/T9 | PA (clin choice) | Clin-pat | Sensor pad | No |
Campbell & Snodgrass 2010, Australia9 | Clin Physio (1) | > 5y | Adult (24) | T3-T10 | Anterior AP | Pat-table | Load cells | Yes |
Triano et al. 2011, Canada62 | Clin & Stud Chiro (50) | Clin: >5y Y1: 102 h Y2: 218 h Y3: 326 h Y4: 409 h | NR (50) | Upper | Hypothenar transverse push | Pat-table | Force plate | Yes |
Cambridge et al. 2012, Canada8 | Clin Chiro (3) | > 5y | Adult (19) | T4-12 | NR | Pat-table | Force plate | Yes |
Gudavalli 2014, USA32 | Clin Chiro (3) | NR | NR (5) | Thoracic | PA | Clin-pat | Force transducer | No |
Williams & Cuesta-Vargas 2014, Spain66 | Clin NR (2) | > 5y | Adult (13) | T5/6 | PA | Clin-pat | Inertial sensor | No |
Dunning et al. 2017, Italy22 | Clin Physio (1) | > 5y | Adult (32) | T1/2 | Lateral break | Skin mounted accelerometers | Accelerometer | No |
Engell et al. 2019, Canada24 | Clin Chiro (1) | > 5y | Adult (9) | T7 | BL hypothenar push/Carver bridge | Clin-pat & Pat-table | Load cells & Force plate | No |
Beyer et al. 2020, Belgium5 | Clin & Stud NR (4) | Clin: NR Stud: NR (5th y) | Adult (16) | NR | AP | Pat-ground | Force plate | No |
Dugailly et al. 2020, Belgium21 | Clin & Stud NR (30) | Clin: NR Stud: NR | Adult (12) | NR | AP | Pat-ground | Force platform | No |
Gorrell et al. 2020, Canada29 | Clin Chiro (1) | > 5y | Adult (27) | T1/T4 | PA | Clin-pat | Pressure pad | No |
Joo et al. 2020, Korea39 | Clin Physio (1) | NR | Adult (32) | T3/T7/T12 | AP clenched fist/PA BL knife | Pat-table | Force plate | No |
Pasquier et al. 2020, France51 | Stud Chiro (136) | NR (3rd -6th y) | Adult (136) | NR | BL thenar push/modified pisiform | Pat-table | Force plate | Yes |
Funabashi et al. 2021, Canada26 | Clin Chiro (1) | > 5y | Geriatric (18) | T1-12 | Clin choice | Clin-pat & Pat-table | Load cells & Force plate | Yes |
Duarte et al. 2022, Canada20 | Clin Chiro (1) | NR | Adult (19) | T6-9 | PA | Pat-table | Force plate | Yes |
Thomas et al. 2022, Canada58 | Clin Chiro (1) | > 5y | Adult (40) | T7 | Cross BL | Clin-pat & Pat-table | Load cells & Force plate | Yes |