Table 5 Summary of studies reporting on the force-time characteristics of spinal manipulation (SM) delivered to the thoracic spine of inanimate objects (e.g. human analogue manikins, instrumented tools) (n = 13)
From: Spinal manipulation characteristics: a scoping literature review of force-time characteristics
Author/s Year, Country | SM delivery Profession (n) | Experience | Recipient/s (n) | Location/s | Technique/s | Interface/s | Measurement equipment | Metrological data |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inanimate objects | ||||||||
Descarreaux et al. 2005, Canada16 | Clin & Stud Chiro (43) | Clin:>5y Stud: NR (2nd /4th /final y) | Manikin (1) | NR | Hypothenar transverse | In Man & Clin-ground | Strain gauge & Force plate | No |
Descarreaux et al. 2006, Canada17 | Stud Chiro (31) | NR (4th y) | Manikin (1) | NR | Hypothenar transverse | In Man & Clin-ground | Load cell & Force plate | No |
Descarreaux & Dugas 2010, Canada18 | Stud Chiro (33) | NR (1st y) | Manikin (1) | NR | Hypothenar transverse | In Man & Clin-ground | Strain gauge & Force platform | No |
Harvey et al. 2011, Canada/ USA34 | Stud Chiro (87) | Clin: 330 h Stud: 330 h | Manikin (1) | NR | Hypothenar transverse | In Man & Clin-ground | Strain gauge & Force platform | No |
Stemper et al. 2011, USA56 | Clin Chiro (2) | > 5y | Manikin (1) | T7-T8 | Clin choice | NR | Rotational potentiometer | No |
Gudavalli 2014, USA32 | Clin Chiro (3) | NR | Manikin (1) | Upper/ mid/ lower | PA | NR | NR | No |
Triano et al. 2015, Canada63 | Clin Chiro (38) | > 5y | Manikin (1) | T9 | BL hypothenar/ BL thenar/cross-bilateral | Man-table | Force plate | Yes |
Starmer et al. 2016, USA55 | Stud Chiro (125) | NR (1st y) | Manikin (1) | T9 | BL hypothenar/ BL thenar/cross-bilateral | Man-table | Force plate | No |
Pasquier et al. 2017, France49 | Stud Chiro (103) | NR (1st /3rd /5th y) | Strain gauge (1) | NR | PA transverse push | In Man | Strain gauge | No |
Triano et al. 2017, Canada64 | Clin Chiro (1) | > 5y | Manikin (1) | NR | BL-thumb/ ‘knife-edge’ | Clin-Man & Man-table | Load cell & Force plate | Yes |
Lardon et al. 2019, France44 | Stud Chiro (113) | NR (1st y) | Manikin (1) | NR | PA | Man-table | Force plate | Yes |
Pasquier et al. 2019, France50 | Stud Chiro (137) | NR (4th /5th y) | Manikin (1) | NR | BL thenar push | Man-table | Force plate | Yes |
Shannon et al. 2020, USA54 | Clin & Stud Chiro (16) | Clin: Mixed Stud: NR (7–8/10trimesters) | Manikin (1) | T4 | PA BL thenar | Man-table | Force plate | No |