Table 6 Summary of studies reporting on the force-time characteristics of spinal manipulation (SM) delivered to the lumbopelvic spine of humans (n = 12) and inanimate objects (e.g. human analogue manikins, instrumented tools) (n = 7)
From: Spinal manipulation characteristics: a scoping literature review of force-time characteristics
Author/s Year, Country | SM delivery Profession (n) | Experience | Recipient/s (n) | Location/s | Technique/s | Interface/s | Measurement equipment | Metrological data |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Humans | ||||||||
Hessell et al. 1990, Canada38 | Clin Chiro (2) | NR | NR (6) | SIJ | Thompson technique | Clin-pat | Force pad | No |
Herzog et al. 1993, Canada35 | Clin Chiro (60) | NR | NR (58) | SIJ | PA drop-piece | Clin-pat | Force pad | No |
Triano & Schultz 1997, USA59 | Clin Chiro (6) | Mixed | Adult (11) | Lumbar/ SIJ | Mamillary push/ hypothenar ischial/ long lever lumbar | Pat-table | Force plate | No |
Rogers & Triano 2003, USA53 | Stud Chiro (16) | NR (2nd sem) | NR (16) | L5 | Mamillary push | Pat-table | Force plate | No |
Van Zoest & Gosselin 2003, England65 | Clin Chiro (2) | > 5y | Adult (10) | SIJ | Diversified | Clin-pat | Force sensor | Yes |
Triano et al. 2004, USA/Canada60 | Clin & Stud Chiro (85) | Clin: >5y Stud: ~100 h | Adult (85) | L4 | Mamillary push | Pat-table | Force plate | No |
Triano et al. 2006, USA61 | Stud Chiro (40) | NR (2nd y) | Adult (40) | L4 | Mamillary push | Pat-table | Force plate | No |
Gudavalli et al. 2013, USA31 | Clin Chiro (3) | > 5y | Adult (5) | NR | Side posture | Clin-pat & Clin-ground | Force transducer & Force plate | No |
Gudavalli 2014, USA32 | Clin Chiro (3) | NR | NR (5) | Lumbar/ SIJ | Side-lying | Clin-pat | Force transducer | No |
Gudavalli & Rowell 2014, USA33 | Clin Chiro (2) | NR | Adult (5) | Lumbar/ SIJ | Side-lying | Clin-pat | Force transducer | No |
Currie et al. 2016, USA15 | Clin Chiro (2) | > 5y | Adult (17) | L3/SIJ | Hypothenar side-lying | Clin-pat & Pat-table | Force transducer & Force plate | No |
Mourad et al. 2019, Italy46 | Clin Physio (1) | > 5y | Adult (34) | L5/S1 | Mamillary process body drop | Skin-mounted accelerometers | NA | No |
Inanimate objects | ||||||||
Adams et al. 1984, USA1 | Clin Chiro (37) | Mixed | Rigid tabletop / Manikin (1) | Ilium/L5 | Thompson technique/ single hand contact | Clin-table/ Clin-man | Force transducer | No |
Adams & Wood 1984, USA2 | Clin & Stud Chiro (74) | Clin: Mixed Stud: NR (8th quart) | Manikin (1) | Ilium/L5 | Pisiform contact/ Thompson technique | Clin-man | Force transducer | No |
Adams & Wood 1985, NR3 | Clin & Stud Chiro (148) | Clin: Mixed Stud: NR (8th /10th / 12th quart) | Manikin (1) | PSIS/L5 | Thomson technique | Clin-man | Force transducer | No |
Gudavalli et al. 2013, USA31 | Clin Chiro (2) | > 5y | Force transducer (1) | NR | HVLA | Clin-force transducer | Force transducer on force plate | No |
Owens et al. 2016, USA47 | Clin Chiro (11) | Mixed | Manikin (1) | PSIS/L5 | Prone/side-posture Gonstead | Man-table | Force plate | No |
Owens et al. 2017, USA48 | Clin Chiro (11) | Mixed | Manikin (1) | L3 | Reinforced pisiform Gonstead | Man-table | Force plate | No |
Triano et al. 2017, Canada64 | Clin Chiro (1) | > 5y | Manikin (2) | Lumbar/ SIJ | Prone-assisted/ lateral recumbent | Clin-man & Man-table | Load cell & Force plate | Yes |