Table 1 Therapeutic intervention categorisation definitions and method of data collection in COAST and O-COAST
Therapeutic intervention category | Definition | Data collection method |
|---|---|---|
Manipulation | High-velocity low-amplitude (HVLA) force applied to a joint by hand, without additional instrument or table assistance. Maitland grade V | Tick-box |
Mobilisation | Force applied to a joint by hand, without a HVLA component. Maitland grade I-IV | Tick-box |
Drop-piece | Force applied to a joint using a drop-piece table | Tick-box |
Instrument adjusting | Force applied to a joint using a hand-held instrument (e.g., Activator, arthrostim, TRT) | Tick-box |
Flexion-distraction | Force applied to a joint using a flexion-distraction table | Tick-box |
Blocks | Positioning of blocks under the pelvis to create a passive positional change | Tick-box |
Chiropractic system | Chiropractic systems of treatment defined by the chiropractor (e.g., Network, sacrooccipital technique, neuroemotional technique) | Free-text |
Soft tissue techniques | Treatment to decrease tension of lengthen soft tissue structures (e.g., massage, trigger point release, passive stretches) | Tick-box |
Advice/Education | Provision of advice or education to the patient | Free-text |
Exercise prescription | Provision of exercises to the patient, either during the visit or to perform at home | Free-text |
Modalities | Use of additional passive treatment modalities, not described above (e.g., heat/ice, ultrasound, laser, shockwave) | Free-text COAST; Tick-box O-COAST |
Acupuncture | Use of acupuncture or dry-needling | Free-text COAST; Tick-box O-COAST |
Supportive devices | Provision of supportive devices (e.g., orthotics, braces, taping) | Free-text |