Table 2 Primary and secondary outcomes

Primary outcome

Bang BI in participants

0.55 (0.25 to 0.84)

0.08 (-0.37 to 0.53)

Summed^*, 0.63 (0.09 to 1.17)

Secondary outcomes

In participants

 James BI (n = 24)

0.53 (0.35 to 0.72)

 Upper back ache, pain, or discomfort^a—N (%)

  None

10 (91%)

10 (77%)

  Yes—slightly uncomfortable

1 (9%)

3 (23%)

  Yes—moderately or very uncomfortable

0

0

 Lower back ache, pain, or discomfort^a—N (%)

  None

10 (91%)

12 (92%)

  Yes—slightly uncomfortable

1 (9%)

1 (8%)

  Yes—moderately or very uncomfortable

0

0

 Self-reported back flexibility^b—N (%)

  Good or very good

5 (45%)

0

  Average

5 (45%)

8 (62%)

  Poor or very poor

1 (9%)

5 (38%)

 ROM measurements (degrees)—mean (SD)

  ROM, flexion

127.9 (18.7)

139.5 (11.5)

MD, -11.6 (-25.3 to 2.1)

  ROM, extension

42.6 (13.6)

42.7 (15.2)

MD, -0.1 (-12.3 to 12.1)

  ROM, total flex-ext

170.6 (27.7)

182.2 (21.6)

MD, -11.7 (-33.2 to 9.8)

  Change in ROM, flexion

3.5 (7.9)

3.7 (4.3)

MD, -0.2 (-5.9 to 5.6)

  Change in ROM, extension

2.0 (5.7)

1.5 (5.3)

MD, 0.5 (-4.2 to 5.2)

  Change in ROM, total flex-ext

5.6 (9.3)

5.2 (7.7)

MD, 0.4 (-7.0 to 7.7)

In outcome assessors

  Bang BI—Assessor 1^†

NaN

NaN

NaN

  James BI—Assessor 1^†

1 (1 to 1)

  Bang BI—Assessor 2

0.27 (-0.09 to 0.63)

-0.23 (-0.54 to 0.08)

Summed^*, 0.04 (-0.45 to 0.53)

  James BI—Assessor 2

0.79 (0.65 to 0.93)

  Bang BI—Assessor 3

0.00 (-0.50 to 0.50)

-0.08 (-0.53 to 0.37)

Summed^*, -0.08 (-0.76 to 0.60)

  James BI—Assessor 3

0.67 (0.48 to 0.85)

  Bang BI—3 assessors

0.09 (-0.12 to 0.30)

-0.10 (-0.29 to 0.08)

Summed^*, -0.01 (-0.29 to 0.27)

  James BI—3 assessors (n = 24)

0.82 (0.73 to 0.90)