Table 1 Included studies, by study design and first author
References | Title | Year | Rating* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Prospective cohort studies | ||
Carey [23] | The outcomes and costs of care for acute low back pain among patients seen by primary care practitioners, chiropractors, and orthopedic surgeons | 1995 | A |
Elder [24] | Comparative effectiveness of usual care with or without chiropractic care in patients with recurrent musculoskeletal back and neck Pain | 2018 | A |
Graves [25] | Factors associated with early magnetic resonance imaging utilization for acute occupational low back pain: a population-based study from Washington State workers' compensation | 2012 | A |
Keeney [26] | Early predictors of lumbar spine surgery after occupational back injury: results from a prospective study of workers in Washington State | 2013 | A |
| Â | Cohort studies (retrospective/cross-sectional) | ||
Anderson [27] | Three patterns of spinal manipulative therapy for back pain and their association with imaging, injection procedures, and surgery: a cohort study of insurance claims | 2021 | A |
Anderson [28] | Risk of treatment escalation in recipients vs nonrecipients of spinal manipulation for musculoskeletal cervical spine disorders: analysis of insurance claims | 2021 | H |
Bezdjian [29] | Efficiency of primary spine care as compared to conventional primary care: a retrospective observational study at an Academic Medical Center | 2022 | H |
Davis [30] | The effect of reduced access to chiropractic care on medical service use for spine conditions among older adults | 2021 | H |
Davis [31] | Access to chiropractic care and the cost of spine conditions among older adults | 2019 | H |
Fritz [32] | Importance of the type of provider seen to begin health care for a new episode low back pain: associations with future utilization costs | 2016 | H |
Hong [33] | Clinician-level predictors for ordering low-value imaging | 2017 | H |
Hurwitz [34] | Variations in patterns of utilization and charges for neck pain in North Carolina, 2000 to 2009: a statewide claims' data analysis | 2016 | H |
Hurwitz [35] | Variations in patterns of utilization and charges for the care of low back pain in North Carolina, 2000 to 2009: a statewide claims' data analysis | 2016 | H |
Jin [36] | Healthcare resource utilization in management of opioid-naive patients with newly diagnosed neck pain | 2022 | H |
Kazis [37] | Observational retrospective study of the association of initial healthcare provider for new-onset low back pain with early and long-term opioid use | 2019 | H |
Liliedahl [38] | Cost of care for common back pain conditions initiated with chiropractic doctor vs medical doctor/doctor of osteopathy as first physician: experience of one Tennessee-based general health insurer | 2010 | H |
Louis [39] | Association of initial provider type on opioid fills for individuals with neck pain | 2020 | H |
Rhon [12] | The influence of a guideline-concordant stepped care approach on downstream healthcare utilization in pts with spine and shoulder pain | 2019 | H |
Weeks [40] | Cross-sectional analysis of per capita supply of doctors of chiropractic and opioid use in younger Medicare beneficiaries | 2016 | H |
Weeks [41] | The association between use of chiropractic care and costs of care among older Medicare patients with chronic low back pain and multiple comorbidities | 2016 | H |
Whedon [9] | Initial choice of spinal manipulation reduces escalation of care for chronic low back pain among older Medicare beneficiaries | 2022 | H |
Whedon [42] | Long-Term Medicare Costs Associated With Opioid Analgesic Therapy vs Spinal Manipulative Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain in a Cohort of Older Adults | 2021 | H |
Whedon [43] | Initial choice of spinal manipulative therapy for treatment of chronic low back pain leads to reduced long-term risk of adverse drug events among older Medicare beneficiaries | 2021 | H |
Whedon [44] | Association between utilization of chiropractic services for treatment of low back pain and use of prescription opioids | 2018 | H |
Whedon [45] | Impact of chiropractic care on use of prescription opioids in patients with spinal pain | 2020 | H |
Whedon [40] | Association between chiropractic care and use of prescription opioids among older Medicare beneficiaries with spinal pain: a retrospective observational study | 2022 | H |
| Â | Cost studies | ||
Grieves [47] | Cost minimization analysis of low back pain claims data for chiropractic vs medicine in a managed care organization | 2009 | A |
Haas [48] | Cost-effectiveness of medical and chiropractic care for acute and chronic low back pain | 2005 | H |
Harwood [5] | Where to start? A two-stage residual inclusion approach to estimating influence of the initial provider on healthcare utilization and costs for low back pain in the US | 2022 | H |
Jarvis [49] | Cost per case comparison of back injury claims of chiropractic versus medical management for conditions with identical diagnostic codes | 1991 | A |
Kominski [50] | Economic evaluation of four treatments for low-back pain: results from a randomized controlled trial | 2005 | A |
Legorreta [51] | Comparative analysis of individuals with and without chiropractic coverage: patient characteristics, utilization, and costs | 2004 | H |
Leininger [52] | Cost-effectiveness of spinal manipulative therapy, supervised exercise, and home exercise for older adults with chronic neck pain | 2016 | H |
Mosley [53] | Cost effectiveness of chiropractic care in a managed care setting | 1996 | A |
Nelson [54] | Effects of a managed chiropractic benefit on the use of specific diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the treatment of low back and neck pain | 2005 | A |
Phelan [55] | An evaluation of medical and chiropractic provider utilization and costs: treating injured workers in North Carolina | 2004 | A |
Shekelle [56] | Comparing the costs between provider types of episodes of back pain care | 1995 | A |
Smith [57] | Costs and recurrences of chiropractic and medical episodes of low-back care | 1997 | H |
Stano [58] | A comparison of healthcare costs for chiropractic and medical patients | 1993 | A |
Stano [59] | The economic role of chiropractic: an episode analysis of relative insurance costs for low back care | 1993 | A |
Stano [60] | Further analysis of healthcare costs for chiropractic and medical patients | 1994 | A |
Stano [61] | Chiropractic and medical care costs of low back care: results from a practice-based observational study | 2002 | A |
Stano [62] | Chiropractic and medical costs of low back care | 1996 | A |
| Â | Randomized controlled trial | ||
Cherkin(63) | A comparison of physical therapy, chiropractic manipulation, and provision of an educational booklet for the treatment of patients with low back pain | 1998 | A |