Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria
From: Quality of reporting of randomised controlled trials in chiropractic using the CONSORT checklist
| Inclusion Criteria |
| RCTs with parallel or cross-over study design |
| Adult study populations with musculoskeletal and non-musculoskeletal with conditions or no condition |
| Chiropractic high-velocity, low-amplitude (HVLA), musculoskeletal manipulation |
| Treatment must include chiropractic manipulation, either spinal or peripheral (or both) with/without adjunctive therapy (mobilization, soft tissue therapy, massage, traction, electro-therapies, ultrasound, exercise advice, ergonomic advice, hot/cold therapy, back education) |
| Comparators: HVLA, placebo, sham treatment or conventional/standard/usual care treatment, or no treatment |
| Exclusion Criteria |
| Reviews, systematic reviews and meta-analyses |
| Non-randomised trial designs (quasi-experimental, observational studies) |
| Pilot or feasibility studies |
| Studies with n-of-1 |
| Studies evaluating diagnostic tests, prevention, prognosis, cost-effectiveness, pathophysiological or mechanophysiological mechanisms, validation of questionnaires |
| Trials not reported as full papers (abstracts), editorials, commentaries, letters, case reports or series, audits, guidelines, historical articles |
| Methodological/Protocol, epidemiological and qualitative studies |
| Studies reporting updates of previously published RCTs |