- Research
- Open Access
Who uses Australian chiropractic services?
https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-709X-21-31
© French et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013
- Received: 24 June 2013
- Accepted: 30 August 2013
- Published: 26 September 2013
Abstract
Background
The use of chiropractic services is widespread, however, little is known about the characteristics of people who seek chiropractic care in Australia. This study compared the characteristics of users and non-users of chiropractic services from a cohort of patients sourced from general medical practice in Victoria, Australia.
Methods
This is a secondary analysis of baseline screening data from a prospective adult cohort study beginning in 2005. Thirty randomly selected Australian general medical practices mailed out surveys to 17,780 of their patients. Differences were examined between chiropractic users and others, and between chiropractic users who reported a back problem to those who did not.
Results
Of 7,519 respondents, 15% indicated they had visited a chiropractor in the last 12 months. Chiropractic users were more likely to have their GP located in a rural location and to be born in Australia; they were less likely to be in the older age group (55–76), to be unemployed or to have a pension/benefit as their main source of income. Chiropractic users were more likely to: have a back problem; use complementary or alternative medication; visit another type of complementary health practitioner or a physiotherapist. They were less likely to take medication for certain health problems (e.g. for high blood pressure, high cholesterol or asthma). No important differences were seen between chiropractic users and non-users for other health problems. People who visited a chiropractor and reported a back problem were more likely to: be a current smoker; have a number of other chronic conditions, including arthritis, hypertension, chronic sinusitis, asthma, dermatitis, depression and anxiety; report taking medications, including antidepressants, analgesics (painkillers and arthritis medication) and complementary or alternative medications.
Conclusions
This large cross-sectional study of general medical practice attendees suggests that chiropractors are the most commonly consulted complementary health profession. Chiropractors should ensure they are aware of their patients’ health conditions other than musculoskeletal problems and should ensure they are appropriately managed.
Keywords
- Chronic Health Condition
- Chronic Sinusitis
- Chronic Back Pain
- Alternative Medication
- Back Problem
Background
The use of complementary and alternative medicine is widespread across most high income countries [1]. Chiropractic services account for a substantial proportion of this use. There are approximately 4,500 registered chiropractors in Australia, the ninth largest registered health profession (out of 12) [2]. During 2005, 16% of Australians consulted a chiropractor at least once at a cost of $AU905 million [3]. Further, in 2011, Australian private insurers paid approximately AUD$225 million for more than 9 million chiropractic services, almost as much as was paid for physiotherapy services (AUD$258 million) [4].
Most previous studies of chiropractic users have been conducted in the United States and European countries [5–9]. These studies included patients from chiropractic practices rather than from the general population.
Despite a high level of use of chiropractic in Australia, little is known about the characteristics of people who use chiropractic care. Two previous Australian population-based studies about people who consult chiropractors found that chiropractic users, compared to non-users, have a higher income, were more likely to be born in Australia, and were more likely to have also visited a general medical practitioner [3, 10]. A study of chiropractic patients in Victoria, Australia, demonstrated that although chiropractors see patients with a range of conditions, most commonly these conditions are musculoskeletal-related [11].
This paper offers a view on how current users of general medical practice use chiropractic services. For general practitioners, it is important to know which of their patients use chiropractic services; more than half of people who use complementary and alternative services and treatments do not reveal this to their general practitioner [12]. For chiropractors, this analysis can reveal important characteristics of the patients who seek their care. The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics of users and non-users of chiropractic services from a cohort of patients sourced from general medical practice. For those people who saw a chiropractor, we also compared the characteristics of those who reported a back problem to those who did not.
Methods
We undertook a secondary analysis of screening data from diamond. The diamond study began in 2005 and was large prospective study exploring depression, stress and worries in people presenting to primary care. Full details of the study are reported elsewhere [13, 14], and the methods are briefly outlined below. Ethics approval for the diamond study was granted by the University of Melbourne’s Human Research Ethics Committee.
Participant sample
Thirty randomly selected general practices located in Victoria, Australia, mailed out surveys to randomly selected patients. Patients were eligible if they were: aged 18–75 years; able to read English; not terminally ill; and did not reside in a nursing home.
Measures
The survey included questions on general demographic information, general health, medication use and health service use in the previous 12 months. Participants were asked whether they had seen any traditional health professionals (hospital doctor, specialist doctor, physiotherapist, psychologist, counsellor, psychiatrist, nurse, social worker, alcohol or drug worker or family therapist) or a complementary therapist (chiropractor, naturopath, homeopath, acupuncturist or other natural therapist) in the previous 12 months.
Statistical analysis
Data were analysed using Stata version 12 [15] and summarised using frequencies and percentages. Participants were divided into two groups according to whether they had consulted a chiropractor or not in the past 12 months. Logistic regression using generalised estimating equations with robust standard errors was used to examine the demographic characteristics, health issues, and medications taken of people who had consulted a chiropractor and to investigate the association between visiting a chiropractor and other health service use. A further two groups were formed consisting of those who had a back problem, chronic back pain or sciatica and saw a chiropractor, compared to those who saw a chiropractor and didn’t have a back problem.
Analyses allowed for the clustering effect due to recruiting participants from the same general practices. Results are reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and p values (P). Analyses investigating the association between visiting a chiropractor and other health service use were controlled for the effects of age, sex, general practice location and health rating.
Results
Of the 17,780 patients initially sent a screening survey, 7,667 (43%) returned a completed survey. The mean age of patients who were sent the screening survey was 46.2 years (SD, 15.3) and 61% were women. Patients who returned the survey were on average older (50.9 years; SD, 14.2) and more likely to be female (67%).
A total 7,519 participants answered the question on whether they had consulted a chiropractor in the past 12 months and of those, 7,477 people responded to the question related to back problem, chronic back pain or sciatica. Fifteen per cent of respondents (N = 1,134) indicated they had visited a chiropractor in the last 12 months. Chiropractors were the fifth most common health professional visited after specialist doctor (47%), nurse (29%), hospital doctor (21%) and physiotherapist (21%) and the most commonly visited complementary health professional.
Participant demographic characteristics (N = 7,519)
Visit to chiropractor in last 12 months1 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (N = 6385) | Yes (N = 1134) | |||||
Participant characteristics | Number | % | Number | % | OR (95% CI)2 | P |
General practitioner location 3 : | ||||||
- Urban (RRMA 1 and 2) | 4363 | 68 | 711 | 63 | REF | 0.03 |
- Rural (RRMA 3 to 5) | 2022 | 32 | 423 | 37 | 1.29 (1.03 – 1.62) | |
Age group: | ||||||
18-34 | 974 | 15 | 185 | 16 | REF | <0.001 |
35-54 | 2631 | 42 | 562 | 50 | 1.11 (0.92 – 1.35) | |
55-76 | 2712 | 43 | 378 | 34 | 0.73 (0.62 – 0.87) | |
Gender: Female | 4231 | 67 | 757 | 67 | 1.02 (0.87 – 1.20) | 0.81 |
Marital status: | ||||||
- Never married/single | 1139 | 18 | 202 | 18 | REF | 0.24 |
- Widowed/divorced/separated | 1149 | 18 | 179 | 16 | 0.88 (0.74 – 1.06) | |
- Married | 4027 | 64 | 741 | 66 | 1.03 (0.87 – 1.23) | |
Born in Australia | 5104 | 80 | 972 | 86 | 1.44 (1.21 – 1.72) | <0.001 |
English is first language | 6012 | 95 | 1087 | 96 | 1.24 (0.88 – 1.75) | 0.22 |
Lives alone | 877 | 14 | 130 | 12 | 0.82 (0.69 – 0.97) | 0.02 |
Highest level of education: | ||||||
- Completed year 12 or less | 3605 | 57 | 618 | 55 | REF | 0.07 |
- Certificate/diploma | 1292 | 20 | 260 | 23 | 1.19 (1.02 – 1.38) | |
- Bachelor degree or higher | 1448 | 23 | 254 | 22 | 1.04 (0.89 – 1.21) | |
Employment: | ||||||
- Employed/student | 3970 | 62 | 815 | 72 | REF | <0.001 |
- Not employed | 2018 | 32 | 286 | 25 | 0.69 (0.59 – 0.82) | |
- Unable to work 4 | 372 | 6 | 32 | 3 | 0.42 (0.31 – 0.57) | |
Pension/benefit is main source of income | 1724 | 27 | 200 | 18 | 0.58 (0.47 – 0.71) | <0.001 |
Participant health characteristics (N = 7,519)
Visit to chiropractor in last 12 months1 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (N = 6385) | Yes (N = 1134) | |||||
Participant health characteristics | Number | % | Number | % | OR (95% CI)2 | P |
Health rate (SF 12) [18]: | ||||||
- Fair/poor | 1056 | 17 | 165 | 15 | REF | 0.16 |
- Good/excellent | 5253 | 83 | 956 | 85 | 1.16 (0.94 –1.43) | |
Current smoker | 1153 | 18 | 202 | 18 | 0.97 (0.82 – 1.15) | 0.73 |
Hazardous drinking [19] | 1033 | 16 | 197 | 17 | 1.06 (0.92 – 1.23) | 0.42 |
Long term health problem limits daily activities | 2021 | 33 | 345 | 31 | 0.94 (0.84 – 1.06) | 0.29 |
Back problem in last 12 months 3 | 1542 | 24 | 543 | 48 | 2.90 (2.53 – 3.31) | <0.001 |
Arthritis in last 12 months | 1142 | 18 | 183 | 16 | 0.88 (0.74 – 1.06) | 0.19 |
Cardiovascular disorder in last 12 months 4 | 1543 | 24 | 241 | 21 | 0.84 (0.72 – 0.98) | 0.03 |
Respiratory disorder in last 12 months 5 | 948 | 15 | 190 | 17 | 1.15 (0.97 – 1.38) | 0.12 |
Dermatitis in last 12 months | 414 | 7 | 99 | 9 | 1.38 (1.12 – 1.71) | 0.003 |
Diabetes in last 12 months | 333 | 5 | 54 | 5 | 0.92 (0.68 – 1.24) | 0.58 |
Cancer in last 12 months | 162 | 3 | 26 | 2 | 0.91 (0.61 – 1.35) | 0.63 |
Depression in last 12 months | 1138 | 18 | 206 | 18 | 1.03 (0.86 – 1.23) | 0.78 |
Depression and antidepressant use in last 12 months | 591 | 9 | 94 | 8 | 0.89 (0.75 – 1.05) | 0.15 |
Told by Dr you have depression | 1821 | 31 | 337 | 32 | 1.07 (0.92 – 1.24) | 0.38 |
Anxiety in last 12 months | 1040 | 16 | 201 | 18 | 1.11 (0.96 – 1.29) | 0.16 |
Told by doctor you have anxiety | 1382 | 25 | 254 | 26 | 1.05 (0.90 – 1.23) | 0.53 |
Afraid of partner | 1003 | 16 | 184 | 16 | 1.02 (0.84 – 1.24) | 0.81 |
Medication use in last 12 months: | ||||||
- Analgesics 6 | 1677 | 27 | 279 | 25 | 0.92 (0.80 – 1.07) | 0.28 |
- Medications for physical problems 7 | 2412 | 38 | 381 | 34 | 0.83 (0.72 – 0.95) | 0.009 |
- Depression medications | 876 | 14 | 150 | 13 | 0.97 (0.79 – 1.19) | 0.77 |
- Sedatives | 466 | 7 | 77 | 7 | 0.95 (0.79 – 1.15) | 0.61 |
- Other medications 8 | 1476 | 33 | 256 | 32 | 0.96 (0.80 – 1.16) | 0.70 |
- Complementary & alternative medication 9 | 1488 | 24 | 395 | 35 | 1.79 (1.54 – 2.07) | <0.001 |
Health service use in last 12 months of users of chiropractic compared to non-users
Non-chiropractic user | Chiropractic user | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 6385)1 | (N = 1134)1 | Unadjusted | Adjusted2 | |||||
Number | % | Number | % | OR (95% CI)3 | P | OR (95% CI)3 | P | |
12 or more visits to GP 4 | 597 | 9 | 85 | 8 | 0.78 (0.61 - 0.99) | 0.04 | 0.82 (0.65 - 1.04) | 0.11 |
One or more visits to traditional 5 | 4510 | 71 | 808 | 71 | 1.00 (0.90 - 1.10) | 0.98 | 1.03 (0.92 - 1.14) | 0.64 |
One or more visits to complementary 6 | 974 | 15 | 351 | 31 | 2.53 (2.24 - 2.86) | <0.001 | 2.51 (2.22 - 2.84) | <0.001 |
One or more visits to physiotherapist | 1276 | 20 | 246 | 23 | 1.19 (1.02 - 1.37) | 0.03 | 1.20 (1.03 - 1.39) | 0.02 |
Number of visits to a chiropractor (N = 1,134).
Number of visits to a chiropractor for people with and without back pain (back problem, chronic back pain or sciatica) (N = 7,477).
Participant health characteristics for those who visited a chiropractor comparing those who reported a back problem (back problem, chronic back pain or sciatica) in last 12 months to those who did not (N = 1,129)
Visited chiropractor and had self reported back problem in the last 12 months1 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (N = 586) | Yes (N = 543) | |||||
Participant health characteristics | Number | % | Number | % | OR (95% CI)2 | P |
Health rate (SF 12) [18]: | ||||||
- Fair/poor | 82 | 14 | 83 | 15 | REF | 0.56 |
- Good/excellent | 498 | 86 | 453 | 85 | 0.90 (0.63 - 1.29) | |
Current smoker | 87 | 15 | 114 | 21 | 1.53 (1.15 - 2.03) | 0.003 |
Hazardous drinking [19] | 99 | 17 | 98 | 18 | 1.09 (0.79 - 1.51) | 0.61 |
Long term health problem limits daily activities | 145 | 25 | 200 | 38 | 1.78 (1.33 - 2.37) | <0.001 |
Arthritis in last 12 months | 60 | 10 | 123 | 23 | 2.57 (1.91 - 3.46) | <0.001 |
Cardiovascular disorder in last 12 months | ||||||
Stroke | 2 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 2.14 (0.46 - 10.02) | 0.34 |
Hypertension | 71 | 12 | 89 | 16 | 1.43 (1.05 - 1.96) | 0.02 |
Heart disease | 8 | 1 | 19 | 3 | 2.59 (1.03 - 6.53) | 0.04 |
Lipid disorder | 57 | 10 | 63 | 12 | 1.21 (0.87 - 1.67) | 0.26 |
Respiratory disorder in last 12 months | ||||||
Chronic sinusitis | 26 | 4 | 53 | 10 | 2.33 (1.35 - 4.05) | 0.003 |
Asthma | 44 | 8 | 69 | 13 | 1.78 (1.21 - 2.61) | 0.003 |
Emphysema | 9 | 2 | 11 | 2 | 1.28 (0.47 - 3.52) | 0.63 |
Dermatitis in last 12 months | 38 | 6 | 61 | 11 | 1.81 (1.12 - 2.92) | 0.02 |
Diabetes in last 12 months | 28 | 5 | 26 | 5 | 1.00 (0.57 - 1.73) | 0.99 |
Cancer in last 12 months | 14 | 2 | 12 | 2 | 0.91 (0.49 - 1.68) | 0.76 |
Depression in last 12 months | 81 | 14 | 125 | 23 | 1.85 (1.30 - 2.64) | 0.001 |
Depression and antidepressant use in last 12 months | 32 | 6 | 62 | 12 | 2.23 (1.27 - 3.90) | 0.005 |
Told by Dr you have depression | 158 | 30 | 179 | 36 | 1.30 (0.99 - 1.71) | 0.06 |
Anxiety in last 12 months | 81 | 14 | 120 | 22 | 1.76 (1.22 - 2.55) | 0.002 |
Told by doctor you have anxiety | 127 | 25 | 126 | 26 | 1.08 (0.84 - 1.40) | 0.52 |
Afraid of partner | 97 | 17 | 87 | 16 | 0.95 (0.71 - 1.28) | 0.73 |
Medication use in last 12 months: | ||||||
- Analgesics 3 | 121 | 21 | 157 | 29 | 1.56 (1.17- 2.08) | 0.003 |
- Medications for physical problems 4 | 210 | 36 | 170 | 32 | 0.81 (0.64 - 1.03) | 0.008 |
- Depression medications | 71 | 12 | 79 | 15 | 1.24 (0.85 - 1.82) | 0.23 |
- Sedatives | 34 | 6 | 43 | 8 | 1.39 (0.81 - 2.38) | 0.24 |
- Other medications 5 | 119 | 29 | 135 | 35 | 1.36 (1.03 - 1.78) | 0.03 |
- Complementary & alternative medication 6 | 187 | 32 | 206 | 38 | 1.30 (1.02 - 1.64) | 0.03 |
Discussion
This large cross-sectional study of patients of general practitioners suggests that 15% of people saw a chiropractor in the last 12 months and that chiropractors are the most commonly consulted complementary health profession. People who visit chiropractors are on the whole less disadvantaged (they are employed and they have completed secondary school education), and are more likely to be experiencing back problems. People who saw a chiropractor were also more likely to use complementary and alternative medication and to have visited another type of complementary or alternative health practitioner. People with back problems who visit a chiropractor are more likely to be depressed and to have some other chronic health problems.
These findings have important implications for chiropractors. If a consumer seeks their care for a back problem then that consumer is more likely to have a number of other chronic health conditions, including being a smoker, have arthritis, have hypertension, chronic sinusitis or asthma, dermatitis and depression or anxiety. Chiropractors should be aware of this and ensure that these people are assessed and appropriately managed for these other health conditions. In particular, people with an increasing number of chronic health problems are more likely to have depressive symptoms [20], so chiropractors should be particularly cognisant of this significant health problem.
The strength of this study is the large, representative sample of people living in the community. Even though the sample was drawn from general medical practice, four out of five Australians (82%) aged 15 years and over see their GP at least once per year [21].
The limitations of this study include that all data were collected by self-report. This may have led to recall bias in the respondent correctly identifying that the practitioner they consulted was a chiropractor, and also in remembering accurately the number of times they attended over the last 12 months. Also, because this study included analysis of secondary data, the study is limited by scope of questions, in that, the purpose of the questionnaire was not specifically designed to measure differences between people who did and didn’t see a chiropractor over the previous 12 months.
In a large study in the United States using National Health Survey data, 9% of respondents consulted a chiropractor in the last 12 months. Those that did were 2.4 times more likely to have low back pain [22]. Our results were similar to this with people visiting a chiropractor 2.9 times more likely to have low back pain. Other studies conducted in the United States have shown that people who visit chiropractors are more likely to be middle aged and to have high school as their highest level of education. Chiropractic patients were also more likely to have significantly worse health status than the general population sample [5]. We did not see these differences in our population.
Conclusion
This large Australian cross-sectional study of general practice attendees suggests that chiropractors are the most commonly consulted complementary health profession. People who report seeing a chiropractor are more likely to be employed, have a back problem, have visited another type of complementary health practitioner and have a GP in a rural location. People who see a chiropractor and have a back problem are likely to have other chronic health conditions. Chiropractors should ensure they are aware of their patients’ health conditions other than musculoskeletal problems and should ensure these are appropriately managed.
Declarations
Acknowledgements
The named authors submit this publication on behalf of the diamond study investigators which include: Prof Jane Gunn, Prof Helen Herrman, Prof Mike Kyrios, A/Prof Kelsey Hegarty, Prof Christopher Dowrick, Dr Gail Gilchrist, A/Prof Grant Blashki, Prof Dimity Pond, Dr Patty Chondros, A/Prof Renata Kokanovic and Dr Victoria Palmer. The diamond study was initiated with pilot funding from the beyondblue Victorian Centre of Excellence and the main cohort has received project grant funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council (grant IDs 299869, 454463, 566511 and 1002908). The one year Computer Assisted Telephone Interview was funded by a Stream 3 grant from the Australian Primary Health Care Research Institute (APHCRI). No funding body had a role in study design; the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; the writing of the manuscript; or the decision to submit this manuscript for publication. We acknowledge the 30 dedicated GPs, their patients and practice staff for making this research possible. We thank the cohort participants for their ongoing involvement in the study. We also thank the diamond project team and associate investigators involved in the study: A/Prof Lena Sanci, A/Prof Catherine Mihalopoulos, Ms Maria Potiriadis, Ms Konstancja Densley, Dr Sandra Davidson, Ms Aves Middleton, and the casual research staff.
Authors’ Affiliations
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